Rheumatoid Arthritis The Problem Health And Social Care Essay

Rheumatoid arthritis is an ague, systemic inflammatory upset that causes chronic redness of the articulations. It is besides known as an autoimmune disease, the status such that the organic structure ‘s immune response sends out incorrect signals to assail the organic structure itself. It may impact other variety meats like eyes and lungs every bit good. It progresses in three phases. ( 1 ) The first phase is the puffiness of the joint ; the 2nd phase is the rapid division and growing of cells which causes synovial membrane to be thickened and the last phase is the loss of motion. Figure 1: Normal joint vs. articulation affected by Rheumatoid Arthritis The loss of motion is caused by the enzymes that released by the inflamed cells that may digest the bone and gristle causes the involved articulation to lose its alliance and form. ( 2 ) The swelling in the articulations of the custodies and carpuss is normally the first symptom to be noticed. ( 3 ) Figure 2: Joint malformations caused by rheumatoid arthritis hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.com.sg/imgres? imgurl Until now, the cause of the disease is still an unknown. However, there are scientists who believe that the immune system, gender, familial and infection may be the factors of the disease. ( 4 ) . Prevalence is more common in adult females than in work forces in the ratio of 3:1. Figure 3: Arthritis / Rheumatism prevalence: by age and sex, GB, 2003. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp? id=1331 ) Temporary, there is no remedy for this disease. So, what are the current interventions that are available to relieve the symptoms of this disease? I will discourse about them in this study.A Possible SolutionDisease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs ( DMARDs )DMARDs are a combination of drugs normally used to handle patients with arthritic arthritis. They interfere with the devising or working of immune cells that cause joint redness. ( 5 ) By and large, biological DMARDs are non used in combination with other biological DMARDs because several of these combinations have shown increased toxicity. There are besides some agents that are synthesised through familial technology such as tumour mortification factor alpha ( TNF I ± ) blockers and Interleukin 1 ( IL-1 ) blockers. ( 6 ) The consequence is different and may be more delayed in oncoming than other medicines which are why sometimes they are called slow moving anti-rheumatic drugs ( SAARDs ) . So, I think it is rather of import to g et down DMARD agents every bit early as possible one time RA has been diagnosed and confirmed. ( 7 ) DMARDs could be one of the possible solutions because there are a batch of beginnings saying that its early usage is effectual in alleviating the symptoms as the quotation mark shown: ( 8 )Surveies have shown that early debut of these drugs may be good, with betterment in hurting, joint tonss, and disablement.( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.arthritis.co.za/dmard.html )In malice of its effectivity, there are several factors need to be considered included phase and badness of the joint status, the balance between possible side effects and benefits, and patient penchant ( 9 ) while doing the pick of which DMARDs drugs need to be taken. From my point of position, the patients need to seek a assortment of combinations of drugs to cognize that which combination give themselves the best consequence and the lowest hazard of side consequence with the aid of rheumatologist. Sometimes, mer ely one DMARD is used. However, there are many beginnings demoing that combination of DMARDs works better for the patients as the quotation mark and table below shown:Current grounds suggests that combinations of DMARDs are more effectual, and likely less toxic, than monotherapy. ( http: //www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Disease-Modifying-Antirheumatic-Drugs- ( DMARDs ) .htm )Figure 7: Comparison of combination therapy with individual drug therapy in early RA ( hypertext transfer protocol: //images.google.com.sg/imgres? imgurl=http: // ) From Figure 7, the consequences shown that the combination of drugs was approximately two times more effectual than the individual drug therapy for those who got remittal after one twelvemonth and two old ages of the intervention. Even though DMARDs plays a critical function in arthritis intervention, nevertheless, some of them are used more common than the others. For illustration, amethopterin ( MTX ) is the most normally used DMARD due to its higher efficaciousness but lower toxicity. ( 10 ) Figure 2: The construction of the metrothexate ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methotrexate ) Metrothexate ( MTX ) , acts by suppressing an enzyme involved in the metamorphosis of folic acid, dihydrofolate reductase ( DHFR ) which is involved in the synthesis of tetrahydrofolate. They act by changing the organic structure ‘s usage of folic acid, which is a sort of vitamin and is needed for cell growing. Higher affinity of MTX to DHFR inhibits the transition of dihydrofolate to the active tetrahydrofolate, which means the synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins are inhibited. It is to believe that this intervention with folic acid makes methotrexate benefit in arthritic arthritis as it inhibits the proliferation of the inflammatory cells in the articulation of the patient. Etanercept aims to command the redness and to retard the patterned advance of terrible RA as good but it is for RA patients which non wholly antiphonal to other drugs. It works by barricading the receptor for TNF-alpha. However, for most RA patients, amethopterin ( MTX ) is now considered the most first line DMARD agent. It is even more effectual when used in combination with other drugs such as Infliximab or Etanercept. ( 11 )Social & A ; Economic DeductionsBased on a research by Dickens and Creed in 2001, the people with RA are twice every bit likely to endure from depression. ( 12 ) Sometimes, they get upset because they merely do non experience the betterment in their organic structures even though they have taken the medical specialty prescribed. In my sentiment, their household members have to be supportive and be able to give them audiences when they need it. An probe in 1993 even found out that some patients need to take 5 old ages for themselves to accommodate to their statu s. In some instances, the disease may even interfere with their day-to-day activities, limit their occupation chances or interrupt the joy and duties of household life as the quotation mark below suggested: ( 13 ) The people with arthritic arthritis ( RA ) have been described as a ‘tightrope between freedom and a life sentence ‘ . ( 14 ) — Maycock, 1988. There are about 20000 new instances of arthritic arthritis in UK every twelvemonth and there are around 400000 grownups in the UK with this disease. From an economic point of view, this brings economic impact on the people today as the life cost presents is high and if they lost the occupation due to inability to travel around easy so their life disbursals including their medicine cost will be a large job for them. The transit fees to hospital on a regular basis, holding food markets delivered and the demand to purchase particular apparels and places add disbursals to their life cost. Extra money is besides spent on the complementary intervention and auxiliary merchandises. ( 15 )â€Å" If other members are acquiring sick, they may desire to pull resources off from the arthritic arthritis patient. † — Alan Mozes ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp? articlekey=116607 )When there is a pick needed to be made, RA patients in a household will be given up doing them non be able to go on their intervention as the quotation mark above shown. Figure: Age-specific mortality rates ( per 100,000 ) for adult females with arthritic arthritis in 2009 hypertext transfer protocol: //arthritis-research.com/content/11/3/229/figure/F3? highres=y The mortality rate has non decreased steadily over the past 30 old ages. I think authorities should take this affair earnestly and take some stairss to turn this status better. Here, I unfeignedly hope that authorities can be financially stable and subsidy for those hapless patients who are non low-cost to travel through the intervention to the full. This could take down the mortality rate for arthritic arthritis patients.Benefits and HazardsI think the displacement to sing DMARDs as the new front line intervention is rather good as it may cut down the demand for other medicines as the quotation mark shown below:A DMARD may besides profit the patient by cut downing the demand for other medicines, e.g. corticoids and NSAIDs, which may hold a greater potency for toxicity than the DMARD. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //medsafe.govt.nz/profs/PUarticles/dmards.htm )This may cut down the intervention cost and increase the efficaciousness at the same clip. Methotrexate ( MTX ) has been sho wn to be the most effectual drug used in decelerating down the patterned advance rate of the eroding and devastation of the joint compared to the others DMARDs as the abstract below shown: ( 16 )Methotrexate outperformed other DMARDs in a meta-analysis of surveies comparing efficaciousness with toxicity, and more patients remained on amethopterin after five old ages than on other DMARDs.( hypertext transfer protocol: //medsafe.govt.nz/profs/PUarticles/dmards.htm )Besides, in footings of long periods, it has been shown to be safe and even can be applied on kids. ( 17 ) Normally the good effects from these agents merely last for a few old ages so I suggest that a good planning or scheme of utilizing them consecutive or even in combination is needed. However, several possible inauspicious reactions are at that place which needed to be taken attention of including timeserving infections, oral cavity ulcers and tummy jobs. Figure: Opportunist infections caused by Etanercept and Infliximab ( DMARDs ) hypertext transfer protocol: //images.google.com.sg/ Other than this, liver harm is another side consequence of this drug if this drug is taken orally every twenty-four hours. Alternatively of making so, from my point of position, the drug should be taken intermittently one time a hebdomad so the liver has adequate clip to retrieve. The existent status is nevertheless, the benefits of taking the drugs outweigh its hazards. So, I think this intervention should still go on but at the same clip, the patients who are taking the drugs need to be monitored on a regular basis. Some steps can be taken such as taking folic acid to cut down the side consequence of amethopterin as many beginnings have suggested.The usage of folic acid with the drug is used to cut down side effects.( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.arthritis.co.za/dmard.html )Alternate SolutionsNon-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs ( NSAIDs )Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory are besides known as ‘first line ‘ medicine in the instance of RA. Examples of drugs including acetylsalicylate ( acetylsalicylic acid ) , ibuprofen ( Advil, Medipren, Motrin ) and etodolac ( Lodine ) . I choose NSAIDs as an alternate solution because they can cut down the symptoms and thereby bettering maps. However, these drugs entirely do non alter the class of the disease or prevent joint devastation. ( 18 ) There are two chief types of Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory: selective and non-selective. They work by suppressing enzymes, called Cox, COX-1 and COX-2 which participate in the production of prostaglandins. Even though the prostaglandins cause redness and hurting but they besides have critical functions in care of normal organic structure maps. So, the COX-2 inhibitors act by selectively block the prostaglandins produced through the COX-2 which have involved in redness. ( 19 ) Since the drugs merely aim to cut down the hurting and puffiness, so I suggest that they need to be combined with the other agents in DMARDs to do certain the disease is under control.SurgeryAno ther sensible attack that I suggest is to transport out surgery. Its primary intent is to cut down hurting, better the affected articulation ‘s map, and better the patient ‘s ability to execute day-to-day activities. However, from my point of position, a surgery is merely carried out when the medicine can non repair the structural harm or the disease does non react to the physical therapy. As any surgery is serious and involves complications, it is normally delayed until it is necessary. Furthermore, surgical intervention may non be an option for all of the affected articulations. ( 20 ) There are plentifulness of factors need to be considered such as the patient ‘s overall wellness, the status of the joint or sinew that will be operated on, and the ground for, every bit good as the hazards and benefits of, the surgical process. Cost may be another factor. Surgery picks:ChoicesFunctionsFinger and manus surgeries To rectify joint jobs in the manus. Arthroscopy To take dust or inflamed tissue in a joint through a little lit instrument. Synovectomy To take inflamed joint tissue. Arthroplasty To replace portion or all of a joint in the hip or articulatio genus. Cervical spinal merger To handle terrible cervix hurting and nervus jobs. Resection of metatarsal caputs To take distorted bone in the pess. Figure: The articulatio genus cap and the damaged portion are removed and the bipartite prosthetic device, which is normally metal is implanted during surgery as the diagram shown.hypertext transfer protocol: //arthritis.about.com/od/rheumatoidarthritis/ss/pictures_photos_6.htmEvaluationKate Lorig, the writer of the book The Arthritis Helpbook, who is besides the Director of the Stanford Patient Education Research Center and Professor of Medicine in the Stanford School of Medicine. She is a really reputable research worker in the field of developing self-management classs for patients with chronic diseases and she had published several books sing this rubric. So, I think there would be no biased in the fact that stated in the book about the intervention of DMARDs drugs should be commenced every bit early as possible which is besides supported by the quotation mark from the article of the web site & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medscape.com/viewarticle/406508_5 & gt ; : The current intervention scheme hence involves the early usage of DMARDs to restrict joint harm and preserve map. Methotrexate is proved to be more effectual when used in combination with other drugs such as Infliximab or Etanercept than itself entirely from the web site & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //arthritis.about.com/cs/mtx/a/mtx.htm & gt ; . This beginning is said to be dependable as many other beginnings agree with this statement every bit good such as the web site & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/74289.php & gt ; and the undermentioned infusion: Study leader Dr Cornelia F. Allaart commented: â€Å" Our findings indicate that clinical remittal from RA is accomplishable provided effectual intervention – such as the Remicade amethopterin combination we used in the 4th arm of this survey – is administered early in the class of the disease. † Besides, the informations collected was at EULAR 2007, the Annual European Congress of Rheumatology in Barcelona, Spain. The European League against Rheumatism ( EULAR ) , which is a trust able organisation that represents the patient, wellness professional and scientific societies of rheumatology of all the European states. This statement is besides supported by the abstract: The efficaciousness of combination therapy with a biological agent is superior to methotrexate monotherapy for remittal. from the web site & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //ard.bmj.com/content/69/7/1298.abstract & gt ; .

L.L. Bean, Inc. Case Study Essay

1. How does L.L. Bean use past demand data and a specific item forecast to decide how many units of that item to stock? L.L. Bean uses different type of calculation to determine the number of units of a particular item it should stock (new item or never out item). First we detect a frozen demand forecast for the item in the upcoming season. This figure is a result of an agreement between product people, merchandising, design and inventory specialists. Then, we analyze the historical forecast errors (named A/F ratios) and the frequency distribution of these errors for each individual item by using the historical demand and forecast data. Once the historical forecast errors is determined, we define future forecast errors by using frequency distribution of past forecast errors as probability distribution. Finally we find the service level based on a profit margin calculation: determine by balancing contribution margin if demanded against its liquidation cost if not demanded. We can notice that for new items it is more complicated to have good prevision because we know very little about them. 2. What item costs and revenues are relevant to the decision of how many units of that item to stock? Principally, L.L. Bean will need 3 types of data to decide how many units of an item to stock. First, they need to know the buying cost of the item. Then, they need the selling price of the item. With these 2 figures, they can calculate the profit margin and the costs of understocking. The 3rd figure they need is the liquidation cost of an item. With the liquidation cost, they can calculate the costs of overstocking. With all these data, we can decide the final amount of items to stock by comparing the understocking costs and overstocking costs. 3. What information should Scott Sklar have available to help him arrive at a demand forecast for a particular style of men’s shirt that is a new catalog item? Scott Sklar should have data about actual and forecasted demand of new item that were previously introduced. With these data, he can know the different costs of launching a new item. Then, he should have an idea of the selling price given by marketing, sales and production department. With that, he has to know cost of sales, commissions provided for sales, stock outs and backorders cost. He can also compare this new item to the competitor and get sales information. It will help him to understand the  existing market trends for that new item. Following that he should know the level of buffer stock he should have to avoid stock outs by matching stock out costs and over-stocking costs. Finally he should precise the service level by calculating the profit margin and observe if new products are pulling customers away from existing products. All of this will help him to forecast the demand for a new catalogue item. 4. What should L.L. Bean do to improve its forecasting process? L.L. Bean has 5 important things if the company wants to improve its forecasting process: They have to have more than they have market researches to their products they will sell. Actually, they will be understand clearly all news tendencies so they can adapt their stock to the others They don’t have to understand their real demand, because the goal of the real demand is to increase the profitability In the business world, a company has to understand and find a solution ton maintain the accurate and also a timely data that supports the business decisions The company has to have a forecasting discipline. This one will include a commitment to guide the forecasting process in the firm. Moreover, forecasting is strength and an element of strategic decision-making. Right people have to be involved. In fact, the forecasting management involves that people need to have an easy access to input their intelligence for the forecast, for those who have market information. This intelligenc e has to be used because this will provide information on future demand spikes and troughs.

Itgs Exam Questions and Full Mark Answers

ITGS Homework Area of impact- Science and the environment A) Identify two input devices that are required in order for Jules to interact with a real person. There is several input devices required in order for Jules to interact with a real person, these include a microphone, a web cam or digital camera, normal camera and speakers so the person can hear Jules. B) Describe the steps that Jules would take in order to follow the movement of the person talking to him. There are several steps that Joules would take to interact with a real person. . Jules could capture the initial image of any human being using its camera or webcam sensors to capture an image. 2. Jules would have to use facial recognitions software to determine the parts of the face to face tracked (reference points) or identify different parts of the face such as skin colour or your eyes. Laptops these days also have sensors built into them. 3. Record an initial position; of the face which is to be tracked/ set the positio n of the human in relation to the robots own position. 4. Recording of time lapse intervals 5.Capture images at new positions 6. Determine the location of the new position 7. If there is no movement, then no movement is detected and there is no adjustment. 8. Jules can adjust to the movement if there is one 9. Jules can now communicate with the human being 10. So this process can be repeated. C) Jules may have difficulty understanding a sentence in a conversation with a human, explain why this could happen. If a word that is said that is not in the language database of the robot the sentence that is said by the human will not be comprehended by the robot.Unusual grammar and sentence structure that is not programmed in Jules language database will cause difficulties. Jules may understand only one type of accent and may struggle to communicate if Jules communicates with someone with a different accent. Colloquial expression was used. Unclear speech due to unclear conversion of human s ound converted to digital sound files which cannot be matched will cause Jules to not understand the human being. Background noises can cause Jules to misinterpret human voices. Linguistic differences- Words may have different meanings depending on the context.D) Evaluate whether the organizers should go ahead with this decision to replace human umpires with robotic umpires such as tennis-umpire There are several positives and negatives of this. Positives include 1. The robot would consistently determine the outcome of each play, so human reaction is not present. So reviews won’t be needed. 2. Any robot will not ever get tires or struggle due to physical conditions. (Reactions of crowd, weather). 3. There is no chance that a robot will be biased towards another player, something that can be present when a human referee is officiating.So they don’t care who win. Robots are more likely to make the right calls first time so this will save time from reviews. 4. Another pos itive is that robots will not face pressures of the crowd when making a decision because they feel no pressure due to their lack of emotions. Negatives include. 1. Even though robots may be accurate, because of the quick movement of the ball, it may take time for the robot to make the decision; this will make games go a lot slower. 2. Players may block the view of the ball or other obstacles which the robot will find impossible to avoid. . There are ethical issues present as well because the robots can actually replace human umpires if several of them are present within a game. 4. Cost maintenance of robots are very high, example are a lot harder/ more expensive to maintain than human umpires. 5. Players and the crowed might react negatively to robot umpires as they have never been used before. 6. Robot umpires are not designed to argue with players so if any supporter or player disagrees with the ref even with their accuracy what happens then? 7.Robots will not be able to detect an y misconduct any player does during the match, something that humans are capable to do because robots do not understand human emotions. 8. Robots aren’t programmed to do the unexpected so anything that happens not regarding to tennis for example a fan interrupting the game by running onto the court, robots will not be able to do anything about or they might hurt the fan that runs onto the court. 9. If let’s say a player wasn’t ready for the ball, a human umpire could call a replay. This is something a Robot cannot interpret.

Institutions of Poverty in Guadalupe and Chavez Essay

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Introduction to Law and Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to Law and Economics - Essay Example In the light of this fact, Jennifer John-Yar Bukrs’ critique of health care funding and the notions of the privatization of health care assume a whole new meaning in the sense that even while affiliating to the provisions of the Canada Health Act 1984, it is viable and possible to make the system more efficient and equitable by resorting to an affordable and efficient privatization of the delivery of the health care services, thereby sparing resources that could be spent on other social imperatives like education and infrastructure. The way the Canada’s health care system is burgeoning, it is bound to take a toll on the government spending on other social welfare programs (Armstrong & Armstrong, 2008). The rate at which health care costs are augmenting, it is getting quite evident that the territories and the provinces will need to allocate a significant portion of the budgets to healthcare, to the detriment of other areas like infrastructure, education and social welfa re. If one considers a 25 year horizon, the Canadian healthcare system is simply not sustainable unless a significant portion of the healthcare delivery is privatized to make the system more efficient (Armstrong & Armstrong, 2008). When it comes to the standards of health care, Canada tends to stand amongst some of the top nations of the world. Yet, equity in healthcare is an issue that is gaining marked relevance in the current debates on health care. The high standards of health care that are extended by the Canadian health care are not accessible to all sections of the Canadian society. Though there are scarce financial barriers to health care in Canada, there do exist cultural and language barriers to health care in the nation (Armstrong & Armstrong, 2008). Thereby if the healthcare system in a nation is not able to facilitate an equitable access, this further augments the social barriers. In that context, the privatization of some specific aspects of the healthcare will readily help ameliorate the inequities existing in the health care system. Irrespective of the inefficiencies creeping into the health care system the salient aspect of the Canadian health care that makes it stand high above many other nations is the fact that Canada tends to view access to healthcare as a right and not a commodity (Armstrong & Armstrong, 2008). However the irony is that the right to health care is becoming such a gargantuan onus that it is impinging on the extension and provision of many other rights like education and social welfare. Thereby a partial and efficiency oriented privatization of the delivery if not funding of the health care services could act as a viable way to divert more resources to other social imperatives. The nature of the health care in Canada is to a large extent imminent on the criterion resorted to for determining efficiency. However, in a pragmatic context the efficiency in health care ought to be determined on the basis of the amount of resource s and funding dedicated to the cause of healthcare to the quantum of services accrued and the volume of improvements facilitated in the health care system. In that context efficiency needs to be the determining factor in deciding as to the aspects of the heath

How Societies Depend on Computers Essay Example for Free

How Societies Depend on Computers Essay In the 21st Century, the society that we live in has become highly dependent upon computers. The computers have increased the efficiency of the human resource by many times. It not only saves the society from a lot of work, but also acts as a source of entertainment. It is not only helping professionals in their office work but also helping children in their initial development. Businesses have reduced their requirements of human resource as they have adopted the computers in their processes. Teachers and professors use computers today to aid in their lectures and activities with the students. The students are highly dependent upon the computers as they study online, word process their assignments, print their documents, study from e-books and search for anything that they do not understand in the lectures. The professionals in the workplace use computers to manage their work, to make schedules, take notes, for accounting practices and for getting assisted in decision making. Many corporations have implemented systems using computers as an alternative to the human resource. Systems such as Enterprise Resource Systems (ERPs), Customer Relationship Systems (CRMs) and Decision Support Systems (DSS) help the top level management as well as the lower level staff to engage in best practices. Through these systems, the corporations reduce their costs, reduce inventory holding and get rid of excessive labor. The use of computers is not limited to the business today as governments have also started to incorporate computer systems in every aspect of public systems. Computers help monitor the traffic and manage the traffic through traffic signal lights and fines system. The computers have made it into the kitchens of households as they control the microwave heaters, fridge, freezers etc. The computers are also now everyone’s pockets these days as smart phones are getting common and cheaper day by day. The traditional mails are replaced 95% by e-mails, which are free, and the access to internet has also enabled many other services. Computers are also replacing televisions in many homes as they include DVD players and are less costly. The general-purpose attribute of the computers are making them everyone’s favorite. Everyone has some or the other use of computer daily. The banks are shifted to computers and internet banking has thrived. Where the computers are helping so much, they are also causing a lot of distress for many people and pain. Internet has made hacking easier for the hackers with the criminal intent. These hackers can erase important data and cause losses over millions. The popularity of computers has also brought with it the popularity of porn over the internet. There is no one who can stop children of illegal age to watch porn over the internet. Some say that the new generation is getting spoiled because of the access to the internet and computers at home and at schools. With the advent of computers, the privacy of the people has been stolen from them as anyone anywhere can take photographs from digital cameras and make videos. However, the society would still have suffered if there were no computers. We would still be living in the middle ages if the use of computers would not have flourished in the society. It would not have been possible to have a video chat with your relative living in another continent for free if the computers would not have been invented.

Development of Management Programme for Nurses

Development of Management Programme for Nurses An advancement from a clinical role to a leadership role is one of the most challenging transformations for professional nurses in their career development. Nurses must be prepared as leaders who are competent, flexible, and able to energize others to adapt to change (Grohar-Murray Langan, 2011). Effective nurse leaders must communicate with their staff, manage stress, make decisions and handle power wisely. Additionally, managers must acquire and cultivate skills such as financial and change management, cultural literacy and personnel development and evaluation. The new nurse managers should acquire the qualities of management and leadership and need good mentors and orientation program in the transition. The purpose of this paper is to present a proposal for the development of a new manager orientation program. Effective nurse managers are crucial in achieving the hospital’s patient care mission and its financial viability (Cathcart, 2010). New nurse managers should be aware of problems that affect todays health care. Since the nursing job is getting more and more stressful and the health care is getting more expensive day by day, the nurse manager orientation program should include the ways to do good budgeting and safe staffing and retention of staff which helps in delivering safe and effective patient care. Nurse manager has great responsibility in maintaining a safe and quality patient care in the unit. Formal orientation programs are essential in retaining and motivating employees, lowering turnover, increasing productivity, improving employee morale, facilitating learning, and reducing the anxiety of new employees (Ragsdale, 2005). New nurse managers should be given enough time to know about the facility and the staff of the hired unit. New nurse managers should be aware of the expectations of them in the department and organizational level. Topic Rationale for Inclusion Objectives Possible Resources Necessary time and good orientation program A nurse manager should be given time to know the staff and the unit she/he is going to work with. Necessary time for orientation help the nurse manager to know the problems on the unit and the expectation of the staff about the new nurse manager. A well-designed orientation program can reduce turnover, shorten the period of adjustment, and lay the groundwork for a long successful career (Ragsdale, 2005). After getting enough time for orientation, a nurse manager will be able to plan herself for the job. The new nurse manager should use her mentor, all the staff and auxiliary staff in the unit as resources. Effective communication Effective communication is necessary to clear the ideas and gain confidence with the staff members. Communication has been identified as an essential component of team functioning within the nursing and inter-professional teams (Kilpatrick, 2013). After the nurse manager practice to do clear communication, they will be able to share the ideas and commands appropriately. A nurse manager should observe the mentor and can read books and discussions and should adapt his/her own way for effective and clear communication. Conflict resolution Conflict resolution skills are very important for the nurse manager to run the unit smoothly and improve the quality and increased productivity in a team which helps to bring better patient outcomes. The nurse executive must train or select nurse managers with effective conflict resolution skills (Baker, 1995). The focus of the nurse manager must shift from managing the behaviors used by staff to resolve the conflict (Baker, 1995). After learning the conflict resolution skills, the nurse manager will be able to recognize the issues and behaviors that causing the conflicts and analyze and solve the problems with the unit. A nurse manager should look into the mentor and others and also brainstorm possible resolutions to gather ideas to solve the conflict. Decision making Decision making is a difficult process sometimes for the nurse managers because they have to make fast decisions in times of evacuations, disasters and all affects the patient and their families and the staff. The degree of stress depends on their management and organizational factors, their work experience etc.. Throughout each 24-hour day, nurse managers make countless rapid fire decisions that impact patient, staff and organizational outcomes (Shirey, 2013). After getting enough time of orientation, nurse manager will able to know about the organization, unit and the staff which helps in better decision making. Nurse manager should learn from the mentor and also he/she should ask the staff with one on one or group meetings and get the opinions and ideas of different staff before the decision making. Motivation of staff Nurse managers can motivate the staff by creating a healthy work environment, participating the staff in the decision making process and complimenting the staff for their achievements. A transformational leadership approach can help nurse managers to increase or maintain a motivating work environment (Curtis, 2011). Motivating the staff is very much necessary for staff retention for this stressful and hectic job. Most nurse managers use a transformational leadership style which can increase motivation, enabling participation in decision- making, creating a healthy work environment, increasing worker empowerment, and offering a better quality of work-life balance (Curtis, 2011). After learning the necessary skills for motivating, the staff the nurse manager is able to create a healthy working environment which helps to increase the staff satisfaction and improve better patient outcomes. The nurse manager can learn from the mentor and from other excellent approachable senior leaders. Good budgeting Nurse manager has responsibility in maintaining the budget allowed for the unit. Nurse manager has to notify the staff of the budget allowed for the year and expenses of the unit and to decrease the unnecessary wastage of supplies. Nurse manager has to maintain the schedule in a way to decrease the unnecessary overtime on the unit and maintain the vacation time without affecting the staff and the patient care. Nurse leaders must make it their responsibility to provide nurses with increased exposure to quality, safety, and financial data, thereby allowing nurses to translate data while achieving and sustaining successful outcomes (Talley, 2013). After learning the budget allowed for the unit, the nurse manager is able to notify the staff about the patient safety priorities, quality outcomes, and financial accountability of each staff. The nurse manager should ask the mentor and other approachable nurse leaders of the organization and she can read materials on the financial management in the nursing field as resources. Safe staffing and staff retention Nursing job is a demanding at the same time a stressful job. Nurse manager should provide safe staffing and has to motivate and encourage the staff for better patient outcomes. Increase turnover of nurses will result in the economic burden, negative patient outcomes and decreased continuity of care. Increase turnover results in increased stress on the existing staff to cover the vacant shifts and also to orient new staff to the unit. So the nurse manager has to ask frequently to the staff for the feedbacks about the management and also for any problems with the unit. Improved retention will lead to savings of the organization, which may be allocated to activities such as training and mentorship to assist nurse leaders in developing these critical leadership skills (Duffield, 2011). Nurse manager has to appreciate the staff for their help on the unit and better patient outcomes and their achievements for certifications or attaining a degree. After learning how to do safe staffing and staff retention nurse manager is better able to increase patient outcomes and to save money on a tight budget. Nurse manager should ask the mentor and also should use her existing skills and experience to do safe staffing. Nurse manager should always ask feedbacks from the unit and can use all the employees in the unit as resources to solve the problem with the unit. Good nurse managers always try to make a positive and healthy working environment. The positive working environment will increase the job satisfaction. The skillful nurse manager always listens to the problems and feedbacks of the staff in the unit. This helps the nurse manager to find out the problems in the unit and manage the unit well with co-operation from all the staff in the unit. By managing the unit well, the nurse manager is able to do safe staffing, improve the retention and better budgeting, which all leads to better staff and patient satisfaction and better patient outcomes. References Baker, K. (1995). Improving staff nurse conflict resolution skills. Nursing Economic$, 13(5), 295. Cathcart, E., Greenspan, M., Quin, M. (2010). The making of a nurse manager: the role of experiential learning in leadership development. Journal Of Nursing Management, 18(4), 440-447. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01082.x Curtis, E., OÂÂ ¿Connell, R. (2011). Essential leadership skills for motivating and developing staff. Nursing Management UK, 18(5), 32-35. Duffield, C., Roche, M., Blay, N., Stasa, H. (2011). Nursing unit managers, staff retention and the work environment. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 20(1/2), 23-33. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03478.x Grohar-Murray, M. E., Langan, J. (2011). Leadership and management in nursing (4th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Health Science. Kilpatrick, K. (2013). Understanding acute care nurse practitioner communication and decision-making in healthcare teams. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 22(1/2), 168-179. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04119.x Ragsdale, M., Mueller, J. (2005). Plan, do, study, act model to improve an orientation program. Journal Of Nursing Care Quality, 20(3), 268-272. Shirey, M. R., Ebright, P. R., McDANIEL, A. M. (2013). Nurse manager cognitive decision-making amidst stress and work complexity. Journal Of Nursing Management, 21(1), 17-30. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2012.01380.x Talley, L. B., Thorgrimson, D. H., Robinson, N. C. (2013). Financial Literacy as an Essential Element in Nursing Management Practice. Nursing Economic$, 31(2), 77-82.

American Adam Myth

American Adam Myth The term American Adam generally refers to a mythic concept considered by some critics and scholars to be the central element of American literature. Its assumption is based on the view of European colonists who saw America, the New World, not only as a haven from religious persecution, but also as a new Garden of Eden. This concept of the second garden offered a new beginning, free of the collective error that had pervaded the world since the failure of the first spiritual experiment in that original garden, where Adam had fallen to evil and lost his innocence. By the late 18th century, the religious premise of the adamic myth has changed and now referred to a rather heroic being which was believed to be the core of the American character. Despite these parallels between the adamic myth and the perceptions that some settlers had of themselves, the myth of the American Adam did not substantially enter the cultural discourse until the 19th century and by that time it had lost many of the other elements associated with the biblical version. The American Adam in the 19th Century Literature Instead, the 19th century version of the adamic myth emphasizes on the isolated figure of Adam himself. He, at this stage, demonstrates a figure of immense possibilities that is, at least in certain readings, made vulnerable by his own spiritual virtues. Unlike his biblical prototype, the American Adam is less the product of Gods handiwork but more a creature of his own making. The image of Adam in all his ambition and optimism is perhaps best represented in the pages of Ralph Waldo Emersons Nature. Emerson described this person as an authentic man who is free of the constraints of the past and of the limitations imposed by centuries of tradition. Moreover, this Adam stands for a man that is centered on the future and the promise inherent in the very newness of America. At the same time, however, the innocence of this American Adam is inevitably shaped and altered by experience. Emerson expressed this innocence or experience duality in what he termed the Party of Hope and the Party of Memory. The party of hope, on the one hand, believed that the individual conscience was clear because it was unpolluted by the past. In this context, America had no past, only a present and a future. The key term in the moral vocabulary consequently was innocence. The most prominent representatives of this view of the American Adam are Emerson, Thoreau and Whitman. The party of memory, on the other hand, believed in sin and corruption to be the central element of Adams character. Therefore, Adam remains part of the heritage of humanity. Furthermore, a third concept of the American Adam was developed by the scholar R. W. B. Lewis. He called it the party of Irony. This third party believed in the paradox that a unique spiritual strength can arise from the inevitable clash of innocence with experience. This element is apparent in texts of Melville and Hawthorne. Thoreau: The Recovery of Innocence For followers of the party of Hope, experience remained only the gray shadow of reality. If this Adam could keep his perspective fresh and new, free of the traditional and conventional morals, he would come into full possession of authentic existence. Noone followed this course with greater commitment than Henry David Thoreau. In the experiment that became Walden, Thoreaus masterpiece, the author became a literal Adam himself, leaving the town of Concord to enter the more edenic surroundings of Walden Pond. There, in solitude, he was determined to confront only the essentials of life. From Emerson, Thoreau had learnt to reject tradition and historical Christianity. Moreover, he was to look at natural surroundings instead- to the nature of things that had not yet been encroached upon by civilization. In this sense, Thoreau effectively distanced himself from the corrupting influences that he believed characterized 19th century New England. His purpose was not to ignore them, but to rep lace them with rediscovered values of greater importance. In establishing his own Eden in proximity to the conventional civilization of Concord, Thoreau suggested that the essential innocence of the new American Adam can be both recovered and maintained by the discovery and examination of the essentials of life that is inherent in human nature as well as in the nature of wilderness. Walden, which begins with the limitations imposed on personal freedom by such conventions as property and the responsibilities of ownership, ends with the coming of spring, marking the new dawn that awaits the enlightened Adam. Whitman: An adamic Archetype Walt Whitman, who was also a strong representative of Emersons party of Hope, continued where Thoreau left off. He did not only feel a sense of approval with the American myth, he lived it. Where Thoreau recognized that some people might not respond to his call for an awakening, Whitmans subjective view seemed to allow for no such consideration. All negatives became positives for this personification of the American Adam who moved with total confidence through a world in which the new dawn of promise became an unending sunny day. In poems such as Song of Myself, which is part of the Leaves of Grass series, Whitman celebrates innocent, natural, and seemingly unlimited virtue. This state is not a recovery of natural perfection, since in Whitmans world there is no fall to recover from. A man, in his view, is self-created in the present and exists in the perfection of his innocent, confident creation. Song of Myself Trippers and askers surround me, People I meet, the effect upon me of my early life or the ward and city I live in, or the nation, The latest dates, discoveries, inventions, societies, authors old and new, My dinner, dress, associates, looks, compliments, dues, The real or fancied indifference of some man or woman I love, The sickness of one of my folks or of myself, or ill-doing or loss or lack of money, or depressions or exaltations, Battles, the horrors of fratricidal war, the fever of doubtful news, the fitful events; These come to me days and nights and go from me again, But they are not the Me myself. Apart from the pulling and hauling stands what I am, Stands amused, complacent, compassionating, idle, unitary, Looks down, is erect, or bends an arm on an impalpable certain rest, Looking with side-curved head curious what will come next, Both in and out of the game and watching and wondering at it. In this part of Whitmans poem, he clearly shows Emersons individual: The new Adam who is a man that contends that nothing, not even God, is greater than oneself. If we want a profile of this new Adam then we could start with the adjectives Whitman himself provides: amused, complacent, compassionating, idle and unitary. Finally, Whitman not only presented the dream of the new Adam, he also created the world in which the American Adam was to live. Melville: Damned in the Midst of Paradise Not all writers agreed with Thoreaus and Whitmans overly optimistic view. What provoked such a disagreement was the realization by writers like Herman Melville that the static moral innocence of the Adam could prove a spiritual liability in a fallen world, and could even become spiritually destructive. A good example of such a tragic Adam is Captain Ahab in Melvilles Masterpiece Moby Dick: I feel deadly faint, and bowed, and humped, as though I were Adam staggering beneath the piled centuries since Paradise. (Melville, Moby Dick, Chapter 11) No turbaned Turk, no hired Venetian or Malay, could have smote him with more seeming malice. Small reason was there to doubt, then, that ever since that almost fatal encounter, Ahab had cherished a wild vindictiveness against the whale, all the more fell for that in his frantic morbidness he at last came to identify with him, not only all his bodily woes, but all his intellectual and spiritual exasperations. The White Whale swam before him as the monomaniac incarnation of all those malicious agencies which some deep men feel eating in them, till they are left living on with half a heart and half a lung. That intangible malignity which has been from the beginning; to whose dominion even the modern Christians ascribe one-half of the worlds; which the ancient Ophites of the east reverenced in their statue devil; Ahab did not fall down and worship it like them; but deliriously transferring its idea to the abhorred White Whale, he pitted himself, all mutilated, against it. All that most maddens and torments; all that stirs up the lees of things; all truth with malice in it; all that cracks the sinews and cakes the brain; all the subtle demonisms of life and thought; all evil, to crazy Ahab, were visibly personified, and made practically assailable in Moby Dick. He piled upon the whales white hump the sum of all the general rage and hate felt by his whole race from Adam down; and then, as if his chest had been a mortar, he burst his hot hearts shell upon it (Ch. 41) Ahab, in Moby Dick, almost functions as the antagonist to Emersons plain old Adam He is characterized as a being that is somehow damned in the midst of paradise. Personally, he is motivated by a kind of metaphysical sense of revenge. Most strikingly, he has lost his leg to the White Whale. Ahab not only intends to strike out against it and against whatever power that stands behind it, he also wants to strike at the thing that permits evil in the world. Regarding this goal, his quest is titanic, but ultimately doomed. Moby Dick lures Ahab to his death. As a symbol of American arrogance, he is aiming to establish an American Eden, freed from the curse of original sin. And Melvilles message, through Ishmael, the only survivor, is that this quest is doomed and can only lead to death. Conclusion: The American Adam in Modern Works In every of the three cases presented, the adamic theme is apparent in many works of 19th century American Literature. However, the precise interpretation of the adamic being is not unitary but versatile and complex. Finally, the idea of the American Adam did not end with the American Renaissance, but continued to be a major theme in more modern works such as Scott Fitzgeralds Great Gatsby.

Huck Finn Essays -- essays papers

Huck Finn I recently read the book Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. This story deals Mainly with a lost boy escaping his harsh existence, and a slave trying to reach freedom. During the course of this book, the slave Jim, and the Boy Huck Bond with each other. I enjoyed this book immensely for a couple different reasons. While I liked the story, and the plot kept me interested, the real reason I found myself enjoying this book so much, was Mark Twain’s use of the underlying theme of racism. In this story, I found myself admiring Huck’s innocent approach to slavery, and the treatment of slaves. Is Huck Finn a racist? Now this is a tough question. I would be tempted to say no. He always treats his run away slave-partner Jim equally. Never in this book once did he treat a black any different then he would have treated any white in the same situation. Whether or not Huck was intending to be racist, the fact still remains that he did not think of blacks as equal. In the time period Huck Finn was written white children grew up with the mentality that they were a higher social class then the blacks. . I think Huck was subconsciously racist, but too innocent to understand it’s meaning, or even come to a conclusion about whether slavery was right or wrong. All his life Huck had lived in an environment in which slavery and racism were perfectly normal. To him questioning the morality of slavery would be like us questioning whether it’s morally right to keep house pets. Huck acquired his racism from his parental figures. When Huck was living with the widow, she had slaves around. Huck became used to slaves tending to his needs. For a short period in the book, Huck went to live with his dad. His dad frequentl... ...s the Phelps. Huck was a racist throughout the book, but as he would say, he don’t mean nothn by it. I think Huck’s racism in this book was a pretty evident underlying theme. Throughout the book, Mark Twain portrayed Huck as a racist, yet kind to blacks. Huck’s innocence in this book allowed him to be kind to blacks and yet still look at whites in a superior way. Even at the end of the book when Huck decided that he was going to do what he thought was the wrong thing and free Jim, he never came to the conclusion that slavery and racism might be wrong, and he might be on the right track. Twain’s use of racism in a child as an underlying theme intrigued me. I believe in order to get a full idea of what I am talking about, you should read this book. I would highly recommend Huckleberry Finn to any college student looking for a good story with a lot of depth.

Racism in To Kill A Mockingbird :: essays research papers

Racism presents itself in many ways in the town of Maycomb. Some are blatant and open, but others are more insidious. One obvious way that racism presents itself is in the result of Tom Robinson’s trial. Another apparent example is the bullying Jem and Scout had to endure as a result of Atticus’s appointment as Tom Robinson’s defense attorney. A less easily discernible case is the persecution of Mr. Dolphus Raymond, who chose to live his life in close relation with the colored community. Tom Robinson’s trial, and in fact his entire life, was badly affected by racism. It is truly a testament to the corruption of society when a person who has earned a bad reputation is held in higher esteem than a person who was born with it, as is the case with Bob Ewell and Tom Robinson. Even though Tom was obviously honest in his testament, the jury sided with Bob Ewell because he was white. They made this decision despite the fact that the Ewell family was widely known to be a worthless part of society. Jem, not being racially prejudiced, could not understand this mentality. As Atticus pointed out, â€Å"If you (Jem) had been on the jury, son, and eleven other boys like you, Tom would be a free man.† The hatred that the citizens of Maycomb felt towards the black community extended to anyone who became involved with them, especially the Finch family because Atticus was appointed to defend Tom Robinson. Scout and Jem suffered the most from this hatred because their peers were children, who are nearly always less candid than adults. Most of the people who were unhappy with Atticus would just try to keep away from him, which was bad enough. The children however, verbally abused Scout and Jem. Scout responded to this with physical violence, even though it was discouraged by her father. The sad thing is that they were mistreated even by members of their family, like Scout’s cousin Francis. Mr. Dolphus Raymond is another character who suffered from Maycomb’s racism. He was a respected, wealthy member of the community, but then he chose to live with the black community. This was considered a felony by the inhabitants of Maycomb. He knew they would never be able to understand his choice, so he made it easier for them by pretending to be the town drunk.

American International Group

AIG holding company deals with insurance as well as other activities that are related to insurance in America with its operations through several subsidiaries. The primary activities of the company incorporate the general insurance as well as life insurances and the operation services dealing with retirement. The company also undertakes financial services as well as financial management. The operating segments of the company allows for the provision of insurance, the provision of services as well as products to business bodies and the individuals alike in over 130 countries together with their jurisdictions.The company was involved in a sale of about a half of its stakes in the city airport of London. The company also made a sale of the security portfolios that backs the residential mortgage to Maiden Lane (David & John 7). AIG happened to be on of the reputable insurance organizations in America just prior to the sudden collapse of the company around the ninth month of 2008. The act ual cause of the collapse was a heavy weight involving bad debts as a result of the insurance that the company made against securities backed by mortgages.Federal Reserve initially took the initiative of bailing the company with an infusion involving over eighty five billion US dollars. Despite of this initiative, the trend of the losses was on the increase leading to the announcement by the treasury of a fresh rescue package in November of the same year. This package was a result of the escalating cost to the extent of US $ 150 billion (The NY Times par. 1). On the third month of 2009, the federal states government made an agreement for the provision of an extra US $ 30 billion to the company with more soft terms.The extent of the loan was on the upward side and the extent of the loss of the company was in the tune of US $ 61. 7 billion (The NY Times par. 2). This was a mega loss on a quarterly basis that was recorded in history. In its history, the company received an intervention from the American government for four times for the purpose of the aversion of its bankrupsy. The interventions have resulted to the escalation of the government shares in the company to the extent of 80%. The interventions occurred in the form loans amounting to over US $ 60 billion, preferred shares acquisition amounting to US $ 40 billion.An additional US $ 50 billion was invested in the company with the objectives of soaking up of the toxic assets of the company (The NY Times par. 2). This company was faced by outrage of significant magnitude on the realization of the fact that bonuses amounting to over US$ 165 million had been paid in the recent past to the members involved in the unit of trade that was instrumental to the collapse of the company. This was an incident that took place in the 15th day of March. This prompted President Obama to direct the treasury to assess the possibility of the blockage of the payments as well as its recovery (The NY Times par.4). This was foll owed by a hearing composed of a highly emotional congress led by the chief executive Edward Liddy. The executive requested all of the employees whose annual income is above US $ 100 000 who had participated in the payout of the bonus to refund half of it. This had the reflection of the disgust the public as well as the political arena were exposed to due to the action of rewarding the individuals who took part in the collapse of the company and distressing the economy. Majority of them expressed their desire to refund the full amount of what they had been awarded (The NY Times par.6). Although this company has its roots in the United States, its origin is actually Asia. The founder of the company was a veteran of the First World War named Cornelius V. Stars. The focus of the company in 1960 was the increments of the share of the company of the business of life insurance as well as writing unusual coverage. These include examples of kidnapping insurance as well as protection suits by the officers and the directors of companies. The problems of this company have their accommodation in the financial units that are based in London.The group offering financial services ties the security and value of the homes of the vendor. The decline in the value of the homes as well as the value of the mortgages was the contributing factor of the problems of the company. The distress of the company was preceded by the unusual period associated with turmoil (The NY Times par. 12). The early part of 2005 was characterized by questions regarding the company’s financial transaction that brought about the improvement of the earnings of the company.The complex structure of the company as well as its aggressive approach is a reflection of the company’s determination for the creation of an empire of a global standard whose operations were to complement the business (The NY Times par. 12). Works Cited The NY Times. American International Group 26th March 2009 March 19 2009 David, Frost. John, Greenya. American International Group. NY: U. S. News and World Report, 1988.

‘Merchant’s Tale †Marriage’ Essay

Geoffrey Chaucer’s presentation of marriage throughout The Canterbury Tales is, indeed, varied, abstract and supplemented by dispute over the sincerity of specific works. This literary inconsistency is strongly evident in The Merchant’s Tale, making it essential to address the disparity of its message on the topic of marriage. It could initially be assumed that the poem is not solely a cynical attack on marriage; Chaucer offers a somewhat objective overview of the issue, purveyed by the obvious difference in opinion of its characters, for example; the merchant in the prologue – ‘we wedded men live in sorwe and care’1 – and Januarie’s opinion – ‘in this world it [marriage] is a paradis’2 – or the differing judgements of both Justinus – ‘it is no childes pley’3 – and Placebo – ‘Dooth now in this matiere right as yow leste’4 – after Januarie’s consultation with them. By addressing the fact that the message fluctuates it could be argued that Chaucer offers multiple compatible interpretations. Should we interpret the opinion of Placebo in the same way as we should Justinus, or do the subsequent events of the Tale prove to us that we should primarily concern ourselves with the view of the more reasoned, objective character – the name ‘Justinus’ implies a judicial figure? Concerning an answer to the question, it is also important to address the relationship between Januarie and May, and the following ‘cuckolding’. Is it more a cynical attack on adultery than that of marriage? The fundamental basis for investigating the status of marriage in The Merchant’s Tale is to address the initial opinion of the merchant in the Prologue, and the subsequent irony at the beginning of the Tale. Chaucer directs the poem through the narration of the merchant, who has a clear cynical attitude towards his wife (in reaction to The Clerk’s Tale and patient Griselda), though not overly marriage in general: ‘Thogh the feend to hire ycoupled were, She would him overmacche’5 Here, he specifically links his wife with the devil, that she would defeat him if they were they coupled. He goes as far as demonising his wife and presenting her in an evil, even heretic manner. This is in stark contrast to his later comment, ‘for who kan be so buxom as a wyf? ‘6, which emphasises the inconsistency of thought throughout the poem. The idea of a woman having dominance over a potent figure can be related to May’s apparent supremacy over Januarie and the Tale as a whole: ‘And every signe that she koude make, Wel bet than Januarie, hir owene make’7 She manipulates Januarie in the garden in a similar manner to the serpent (the devil) in Genesis, suggesting that May has crafty, cunning and stealthy attributes relative to a snake. Januarie is blind to her cunning – in both a literal sense and a moral sense – as Adam is initially to the serpent’s influence. Januarie is manipulated by his wife as Adam is by his. Chaucer also refers to the realisation of sin, as with Adam, Januarie becomes aware of nakedness with the literal return of his sight, viewing his wife, May, actively engaging in a ‘sinful’ act of adultery with Damyan, further linking ‘wyf’s’ with the devil. These religious connotations and the vivid sensitive view of ‘cuckolding’ (and adultery) suggest the Tale is providing a cynical attack on marriage for a clerical purpose. When this is related to Januarie’s ambiguous, yet seemingly devout, reasons for taking a wife it can still be believed that Chaucer is addressing a particularly religious theme, albeit this should be addressed with caution when consulting the merchant’s narration:

Critical Study †Othello †Jealousy Essay Question Essay

Jealousy is explored in the song Jealousy by 702 in numerous ways. The two obvious ways are, one the title and the repetition of jealousy in the chorus and in the verses. Jealousy is defined by the Macquarie Dictionary as – resentment against a successful rival or the possessor of any coveted advantage. In this song the jealousy stems from women who envy the singer of her success in finding a partner. The singer believes the women want to be her as is continually repeated in the chorus – ‘THEY’RE JUST WISHING THEY COULD BE ME.’ This is further empathized throughout the song by the entire song being capitalized. Jealousy is further explored in the proceeding verses. Notably in the third verse – ‘TRYING TO TURN ME AGAINST YOU.’ In Othello the theme jealously is widely explored by two key main characters – Iago and Othello. Iago even admits ‘†¦and oft my jealousy,’ Act 3, Scene 3 – 148. Othello never openly admits to his own and even in his last speech he says ‘†¦one not easily jealous.’ Act 5, Scene 2 – 344-7. Jealousy is shown in the play Othello as a sickness and is often referred to as a ‘green eyed monster,’ Act 3, Scene 3 – 168. The jealously comes from numerous areas – the want for power – ‘I follow him to serve my turn upon him,’ Act 1, Scene 1 – 42, the concept that a white man should be above a black man, cuckolding – ‘I will chop her into messes. Cuckold me!’ Act 4, Scene 1 – 188, homosexuality and envy. Othello by Shakespeare is similar to the song Jealousy by 702 in several ways. Both explore the theme of jealousy especially that of envy. The song Jealousy through the women wanting to be the singer and in Othello Iago wanting to be Othello. Even the jealously Iago has towards Othello about him having Desdemona as a wife is explored in Jealousy through the lines – ‘THEY SAY YOUR BAD FOR ME. THEY SAY YOUR NO GOOD.’ In addition to this Iago’s wanting to be Othello – ‘THEY’RE JUST WISHING THEY COULD BE ME.’ Even down to the way that Othello believes Desdemona has cuckolded him and deems her untrustworthy – ‘JUST CAN’T BE TRUSTING THESE CHICKS THEY’RE SO QUICK TO BACKSTAB YOU.’ The text Othello and the song Jealousy are related in countless ways and both explore the theme of jealousy to an immense depth.

Research Ethics Board of Canada Essay

There are many rules that must be adhered to when describing a course of ethics. The purpose of this reading, â€Å"Ethics,† was to inform readers of the rules and regulations set forth by the Research Ethics Board of Canada. The ethics board keeps a close watch over matters of all types of human research. The given selection made obvious the Canadian government’s involvement in the research practices of its countrymen, and also the government’s commitment to keeping human research work ethically sound. The Research Ethics Board of Canada, or the REB, must be consulted in every instance of â€Å"research involving human subjects† (p. 3). Part of their job is to make sure that the safety of the living research subjects is held in high esteem. They also provide a â€Å"clear moral foundation† for research practices (p. 54). The REB is not limited to cases of research on the living. Even in the case of deceased bodies, the REB requires that â€Å"respect† is in order due to the â€Å"dignity of the person from whom tissue is obtained† (p. 76). Regarding the ethical treatment of the living and the dead, the REB has the final say so in what can or cannot be done with a human body, and their opinions supersede those of the researchers (p. 3). The REB oversees laboratory practices, but they also oversee ethical treatment of humans in the public sector as well. In the public sector, celebrities and sports figures are often hounded by reporters and photographers. The REB, however, protects some of their privacy by including in their general policies rules about research on â€Å"living people in the public arena† (p. 1). The REB does not regulate research about people who fall into this classification unless â€Å"the subject is approached directly for interviews or for access to private papers† (p. 1). When such requests occur, the REB must step in and confirm that the â€Å"research† is being done ethically and in accordance with policy (p. 1). One could safely assume that most people wanting information for unethical purposes would be dissuaded by the measure of protection the REB provides. The REB may just have a general measure of authority in research in the public sector, but in some research situations, they assume a great amount of control. In cases of extremely invasive or â€Å"potentially harmful† research, the REB must assess, monitor, and review each case with â€Å"intense scrutiny† (p. 9). The REB especially monitors cases that are â€Å"the most ethically challenging† (p. 9). Some of these cases may include situations where children are involved. Potential â€Å"physical, moral, psychological, and social consequences† must be provided for review by the REB before research on a child, particularly a very sick child, can be approved (p. 28). Even if the research is approved, the REB gives the final decision about the research to the person who will be undergoing it. The REB works with people who usually would not be able to indicate consent, such as young children, Alzheimer’s patients, and the cognitively impaired (p. 29). In the interest of ethical behavior, if the person indicates that they do not want to take part in the research, the REB will step in and remove them from the situation. Even though the REB is a governmental agency, they still have control over what happens medically to the most frail and innocent patients. It would be unethical to include a person in a study that they did not choose to take part in, so in the name of ethics the REB stops researchers from taking advantage of perilous situations. The protection of the people of Canada is the main job of the REB. Even though some people are opposed to governmental intrusion into areas of health and ethical treatment, the REB is a good example of appropriate governmental intervention into such research. Canada has an excellent model for the rest of the world.

Free international trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Free international trade - Essay Example Free international trade has led to maintenance of peace and stability, integration of the global financial systems and growth in the per capita consumption in the national economies (Feenstra, 2004). Free international trade benefits the countries through increased innovation and competition that leads to the reduction in the costs of production and market prices for the products. In this case, the open market practices put pressure on firms to implement innovative manufacturing technologies in order to compete effectively with their foreign counterparts in the same markets (Frederking, 2010). Secondly, free international trade generates more economic growth through encouraging risk-taking by companies and more investments. In this case, American free trade exports support more than 15,000 jobs. In addition, free international trade disseminates capitalist ideals and democratic values since the countries engaged in free trade agreements have a duty to comply with the pre-agreed econ omic rules and standards such as the free movement of labor, protection of intellectual property and cross-border movement of foreign direct investments (Feenstra, 2004). ... The agreement contains provisions that guarantee non-discrimination in the trade of digital products and regulatory efficiency in order to foster increased trade volumes between the two countries. Another milestone in deepening free international trade is the Peru-United States trade promotion agreement of 2007 that seeks to promote private investments between the two countries and eliminate obstacles to free trade. The trade agreement seeks to attract foreign investments, enhance the trade competitiveness and generate more employment (Berg and Lewer, 2007). The USA-South Korea free trade agreement of 2011 encourages increased trade between the two countries through ensuring more than $ 1 billion of US farm exports to South Korea are exempted from customs duties and reducing the previous quotas. South Korea will cut the tariffs on US beef imports and taxes based on engine displacement in order to encourage US car manufacturers to export their cars to the market. at the same time, the US government is expected to provide economic aid to South Korean farmers and support South Korea in the privatization of the public companies in order to increase trade competitiveness between the two countries. According to Bogota, Colombia government waited for long for the free trade agreement with United States and the deal will increase Columbia’s long-term economic growth and increase the exports from $ 17 billion to $ 50 billion within a period of five years (Bogota, 5). In addition, the US government is weighing trade benefits that will result from several proposed free trade agreements with countries such as transatlantic Free trade area with European Union and New Zealand-US trade agreements. In

Marriages Settled in Heavens Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marriages Settled in Heavens - Article Example One contrast is those love marriages, although they are often celebrated with the consent of parents and elders and often in courts too, yet tend to ignore the importance of consent of the elders of the family. Boy and girl fall in love with each other and settle down that they will get married no matter their parents agree or not. On the other hand, arranged marriages are settled by the parents, and the spouses may not even know each other before marriages and in some countries, they may not have even seen each other before they enter into the wedlock. This contains a lot of surprise for them which in most cases, is accepted with delight. When there is parents’ consent involved, there are God’s blessings too which tend to beautify the relationship more than when parents are not happily agreeing. Parents’ support remains with the spouses throughout their lives in case of arranged marriages while in love marriages, it may not be with them.  One contrast is those love marriages, although they are often celebrated with the consent of parents and elders and often in courts too, yet tend to ignore the importance of consent of the elders of the family. Boy and girl fall in love with each other and settle down that they will get married no matter their parents agree or not. On the other hand, arranged marriages are settled by the parents, and the spouses may not even know each other before marriages and in some countries, they may not have even seen each other before they enter into the wedlock. This contains a lot of surprise for them which in most cases, is accepted with delight. When there is parents’ consent involved, there are God’s blessings too which tend to beautify the relationship more than when parents are not happily agreeing. Parents’ support remains with the spouses throughout their lives in case of arranged marriages while in love marriages, it may not be with them.   Another comparison of the two marriages is that both of them tend to join two families. Boy weds girl and both have been brought up with different values, morals, and standards. They bring their values to the other family and in this way, society gets enlightened. These values help to build the foundations of a healthy happy family that tends to serve the society in the long run. Both marriages introduce new ways of living and boys and girls tend to get mature and sensible with the passage of time. They learn the tricks and tactics to deal with difficult situations which means that they learn lessons from their experiences throughout their lives.   In case of arranged marriage, the failure rate is relatively lower. This is because whenever a conflict arises, the parents of both the spouses are there to solve them and support them morally. Also, the spouses know that they have to bring good name to their parents by abiding by the vows they took at the time of marriage.

What role do NGOs play in reducing poverty in developing countries Essay

What role do NGOs play in reducing poverty in developing countries - Essay Example Non Governmental Organizations have a long history in improving the lives of the poor and the suffering. In 19th century they played a major role in fighting for rights of women and ran anti slavery movements (Davies, Thomas R. 2008).After the formulation of United Nations in 1945 the term Non Governmental Organization came into existence. These organizations have many roles which include promoting rights of a specific faction of society, promoting basic services like education and health, fighting laws and rules that are against poor or a particular group and helping government fighting diseases. But the most basic role of Non Governmental Organization is poverty alleviation. NGOs can play a major role in reducing poverty by helping people at the micro level. Such organizations have access to people that are in need of help and by helping these people NGOs can reduce poverty at grass root level. Especially in the developing countries NGOs have played a direct role in improving healt h and economic conditions of the people. Issues like lack of health and education are actually a product of poverty therefore the aim of most NGOs in developing countries is to reduce poverty. In this essay we will highlight the role NGOs play in reducing poverty in developing countries. Non Governmental Organizations reduce poverty by promoting rights of poor, providing education and shelter for poor, providing micro financing services and improving health facilities. Fighting for Rights of Poor The most basic way through which NGOs help reduce poverty is by fighting for rights of poor. The main problem in the developing countries is that people are not aware of their rights due to lack of communication technology. NGOs help people realize about their rights as this is the first step in poverty alleviation. Non Governmental Organizations also play a role in voicing concerns of the people to the relevant authorities. They force governmental institutions to take action with regards t o the problems faced by the poor. This is another role they play is easing the suffering of the poor. Sometimes governments are taking steps for example increase in taxes that are in directly harmful to the interest of poor people. NGOs also play a role in fighting such steps of the government and in this way they protect the rights of the people. NGOs fight for the right to food, shelter, education etc in developing countries (Curtis, Marley, & Bakewell, 2005). They also fight against child labour and rights of women. By doing so NGOs create awareness and at the same time improve lives of the poor. The fight for basic rights can therefore be considered as an important role of NGO in reducing poverty of developing countries. Providing Shelter for the Needy The right to shelter is one of the most basic rights of human beings. No one can live a proper life without some sort of shelter. Developing countries face serious problems when it comes to providing housing for their citizens. Ma ny people in the developing world are forced to live on streets because they do not have a home. Non Governmental Organizations help poor people find a shelter in developing countries. It is important to provide shelter because it is one of the basic needs of the people. Providing shelter is one of the steps of poverty reduction in developing countries. Non Governmental Organization provides shelter to children, women and old people. Children who left their homes or are forced to leave their homes are treated by NGOs. Non Governmental Organizations are of many types as mentioned before. Some focus on children only and other provide shelter to people in general. NGOs in developing countries focus on providing secure shelter to female victims of sex trafficking (Tzvetkova, M. 2002). A direct effect of poverty is that people get desperate to find jobs in order to feed their families.

Egypt Revolution of 1919 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Egypt Revolution of 1919 - Essay Example British promised to evacuate Egypt but it did not materialize. Therefore, big chapter in Egypt’s foreign occupation and Britain’s global empire (Daly, 1988). Saad Zaghul formed the Egyptian delegation party known as â€Å"wafd†. This party started pressing nationalist cause. Tactics of civil disobedience was used by people to begin a huge movement of independence. Zaghlul and Wafd had gathered massive public support. Petition for full independence of Egypt was lodged. British could sense the rising support for Wafd leaders. British arrested Zaghlul and other main leaders of movement and exiled them to Malta. The ultimate outcome of all this was revolution in Egypt (Daly, 1988). The Egyptian revolution of 1919 compelled British government to recognize Egypt as independent state in 1922 and then ultimately implementation to new constitution took place in 1923. Causes Egypt came under British rule on December 14 1914. People were agitated against the British rule an d they got united in their discontent. During the war about 1.5 million Egyptians were recruited in the labor corps by British army. Main infrastructure of the country was seized for the army. Saad Zaghlul was founder of the Wafd party during World War 1. The party got fame just after the war setting the goal of ending British occupation. 14 points of Woodrow got fame and inspired nationalists. On November 11 1918, Zaghlul requested high commissioner Sir Reginald Wingate to permit Wafd activists for presenting Egypt’s demand for independence in London. Wafd party members were not allowed to visit London (Bisgaard-Church, 2011). Party kept sending messages to House of Commons but no response shown by British government. In March 1919, Zaghlul was arrested by the British with two other part leaders and then exiled them to Malta. This resulted in countrywide protests incorporating people from all walks of life against the British Occupation. Cairo and Alexandria witnessed the ma in strikes against British held by men, women, shop owners and tradesmen. Milner mission was sent by British to access the real political and diplomatic situation in Egypt but his visit was boycotted (Bisgaard-Church, 2011). Zaghlul returned to Egypt from exile on April 4 1921. Allenby was clear in his mind that Zaghlul is a British puppet and wants to create new independent Egypt as per British desires. Zaghlul was again exiled to Seychelles in December. Exile was responded by Egyptians by countrywide strikes and protests (Bisgaard-Church, 2011). Events Egyptian nationalists demanded independence from British after the World War 1 ended. Wafd was formed which demanded independence at Paris conference. 13 November 1918 was celebrated as day of struggle. Wafd party was formed by Saad Zaghlul. This party wanted to visit London for demanding independence of Egypt but it was denied. Zaghlul and other party members were arrested on 8 March 1918 and further sent to Malta. This resulted in mobilizing people countrywide marking the beginning of revolution. Basic road and railways infrastructure was destroyed (Zunes, 1999). Zaghlul’s wife initiated women participation in movement by protesting against British occupation with 300 ladies. Demonstration held at Abdin palace of about 1000 civil servants and students was peak of the revolution. British took stern action to bring down demonstration by killing 800 Egyptians. British sent Lord Milner in May 1919 for giving self-governance to

The control of legionnaires disease in water handling systems Essay

The control of legionnaires disease in water handling systems - Essay Example More than 90 per cent of the exposed persons become ill, but pneumonia does not take place and full improvement can be expected. Legionella bacteria are obviously dispersed in ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, soil, mud and underground water. In 1976, a conference held at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, more than 182 Legionnaires developed pneumonia and more than 29 people died from what was then an unidentified disease. Finally, the bacterium that was accountable for the disease was inaccessible and named Legionella pneumophila, and the disease related with it became known as Legionnaires disease. The cause of this particular bacterium was at last exposed to be the hotels ventilation and humidification system. Under favorable circumstances, Legionella bacteria may build up in cooling towers, evaporative condensers, hot water systems, spas and humidifiers. The quick expansion of Legionella pneumophila is supported by a wet, warm atmosphere, stagnation or low water return, high microbial attentiveness including algae, amoebae, slime and other bacteria, existence of biofilm, scale, sediment, sludge, corrosion products, existence of certain materials such as natural rubber fittings which may be a nutrient cause. Legionnaires’ disease is generally passed on when aerosol mists holding high attentiveness of Legionella bacteria are gulped into the lungs. Drinking water and washing in water having small numbers of Legionella is not acknowledged to result in infection. Person-to-person diffusion is also not acknowledged to occur. Sporadic and epidemic types of Legionnaires disease take place in Australia. Legionella infections are thought to account for 5-20% of community-acquired pneumonias. Occurrences in Australia are usually related with man-made water systems as well as water-cooling towers and spa baths. Home and institutional warm water systems are prospective causes of Legionella infectivity but are only infrequently implicated

Just-in-Time (JIT) Techniques Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Just-in-Time (JIT) Techniques - Assignment Example Thus by thinking about the problem the problem it can be viewed and finally when the problem eventually becomes clear leads to kaizen. If one makes it a rule to deal with defects only after they occur and thus the number of its staffs tends to fall. Therefore, things that are running smoothly should not be subject to any control. If you commit yourself to just finding and fixing problems, you'll be able to carry out effective control (within an organization) with fewer personnel†. This concept is very well applied in Toyota. Since everyone at Toyota is involved equally at the business improvement plan. The people at Toyota participated in the meetings which are held regularly and discuss the progress and also consider the new initiatives. Thus, everyone at Toyota is expected to contribute and all the ideas are equally listened to by the management of Toyota. Unlike other organization there are no suggestion boxes in Toyota as people are not afraid to talk about the new ideas an d plans (Hope & Player, 2012, p. 211). The success of Toyota an automotive company has been able to achieved success with the techniques of lean which is monitored by most of the organization (Blanchard, 2007, p. 97). According to the managing director of Toyota, the long principle of Toyota production System (TPS) will continue to work with the system of Just In time and will not change in the future and its production is able to meet all the upcoming challenge. Just in time revolves around the concept of producing of only what is needed and thus transferring only what is needed. Instead of the system of push system, it represented only to the pull system where the workers get and fetch what is required. Tools, such as the Kanban (the information card); and on the display board, as well as poka yoke the error prevention, was developed in order to implement the pull strategy (Toyota, 2012). The Toyota Production System had the ability to fulfill the demand of the customers efficient ly and promptly by way of linking the production to market place. JIT relies on the process of assembling the sequence only when they are required and needed (Toyota (A), n.d). Just in time offers a continuous, smooth and an optimized workflow with measured and careful work cycles and with the on demand movement of goods, materials capacity and reduce the cost of the time wasted. The members of the team can concentrate on each of their task without any interpretation which finally leads to better quality; deliver at the given time and of course peace of mind for the customers of Toyota. Potential Benefits — and Drawbacks — of Such JIT Techniques Are Limited to Large Manufacturing Businesses or Whether They Have Wider Applications for Other Organizations Benefits and Drawbacks Just in time has benefited many of the organization in many different ways and some of the benefits includes such as with the help of just in time the set up time can be reduced which allows the o rganization to eliminate the time needed to set the inventory; the flow of inventory increases from the warehouse to the selves; employees with multi skills are used at an effective and efficient way. Employees with multi skills allows the companies to move the workers to the required department with ease and confident; the relationship between the suppliers and the