Essay on Endosymbiosis - 1045 Words

Endosymbiosis Endosymbiosis is the theory that eukaryotic cells were formed when a prokaryotic cell ingested some aerobic bacteria. The first step of the evolution of a eukaryotic cell is the infolding of the cellular membrane. This process takes place when the plasma membrane folds inwards and develops an envelope around a smaller prokaryotic cell. Once the smaller cell is engulfed, it becomes dependent upon its host cell. It relies on the host cell for organic molecules and inorganic compounds. However, the host cell also benefits because it has an increased output of ATP for cellular activities and becomes more productive. This ATP comes from the mitochondrion (the aerobe) that is engulfed. All eukaryotic cells contain the†¦show more content†¦The protein-synthesizing machinery in mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble prokaryotes. This is shown through their ribosomal RNA and the structure of the ribosomes. The ribosomes are similar in size and structure to bacterial ribosomes. fMat is always the first amino acid that is in the mitochondria and chloroplasts transcripts. The antibiotics that act by blocking protein synthesis in bacteria also block protein synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplasts. These antibiotics do not interfere with protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotes. The inhibitors that effect the protein synthesis of eukaryotic ribosomes do not change the protein synthesis of the bacteria, mitochondria, or chloroplasts. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have two membranes that surround them. The inner membrane is probably from the engulfed bacterium and this is supported by that the enzymes and proteins are most like their counterparts in prokaryotes. The outer membrane is formed from the plasma membrane or endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell. The electron transport enzymes and the H+ ATPase are only found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of the eukaryotic cell. (2) Currently, there are two major competing theories for the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells. The first theory claims that the eukaryotic cell is a combination of an archaeon with aShow MoreRelatedEndosymbiosis and evolution of Organelles Essay1631 Words   |  7 Pages Endosymbiosis is important as it enables us to understand the evolution of eukaryotes from the common ancestor. This essay will focus on: the early evolution of our eukaryote ancestor during Precambrian period, plastids origin along the algae family due to second endosymbiosis; discuss the evidence that supports the theory, including further examples of endosymbiosis. The theory, as discussed by Lynn Margulis, states that mitochondria originated from ÃŽ ±-proteobacteria bacterium which wasRead MoreA Critical Analysis Of The Theory Of Endosymbiosis And It s Supporting Evidence1641 Words   |  7 PagesA critical analysis of the Theory of Endosymbiosis and it’s supporting evidence Abstract Introduction The endosymbiotic theory is an evolutionary theory explaining the origin of Eukaryotic cells from Prokaryotic, and is at present; the most widely accepted evolutionary theory of the Eukaryotic cell. The theory explains the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts and their double membranes, suggesting that chloroplasts and mitochondria represent formerly free-living bacteria that were taken intoRead MoreThe Theory Of The Serial Endosymbiotic Theory1590 Words   |  7 Pagesmitochondria and plastids within a eukaryotic cell were once independent prokaryotic cells (a single celled organism, which contains a nucleus and other organelles that are absent of a membrane ), having been obtained by another organism through endosymbiosis, to become endosymbiot around 1.5 billion years ago. Where the eukaryotes several key organelles originated through a process called symbiosis, with this occurring between separate single celled organisms (prokaryotic cells). Through researchRead MoreCompar ing The 18th Century Physician And Botanist Linnaeus Instituted A Taxonomic System1427 Words   |  6 PagesBetween 1.5 to 2 billion years ago the invasion between two prokaryotic cells created mitochondria and chloroplasts that are eukaryotic cell organelles. This is the process of endosymbiosis as shown in the image below; endosymbiosis is the condition in which different organisms live one inside the other. The impact endosymbiosis has made by producing eukaryotes is rather great. This can be said because eukaryotic cells can achieve functions that the prokaryote cannot. Such as the fact eukaryotes canRead MoreWomen In Science. A Couple Of Centuries Ago, The Role Of1026 Words   |  5 Pagesdid not come easily. Like other scientists, she had to stand up for her ideas and accept repeated rejections. When Margulis wrote about her theory of endosymbiosis, it took her multiple attempts and submissions to journals before it was published in 1967 under the Journal of Theoretical Biology as a fifty-page article. Margulis’s theory of endosymbiosis created the idea that eukaryotic cells evolved by the use and acquisition of smaller cells. The theory was criticized since it overturned the modernRead MoreThe Between Prokaryotic And Evolution Of Cells And Organisms With Novel Capabilities Essay812 Words   |  4 Pagesaccepted view that models the evolution of these organisms. Symbiosis mo dels rely on intimate relationships over prolonged periods of time, this association allowed the symbionts to co-exist and hence become mutually dependent on each other (4). The endosymbiosis theory, is arguably the first detailed symbiosis proposal for the origin of eukaryotes, and was presented by Margulis in the 1960s (4). Eukaryotic cells are thought to be the remnants of ancient bacterial intruders which are now surviving as derivedRead MoreAp bio guided reading chapter 2 and 261372 Words   |  6 Pagesto decay Magnetic reversal: A reversal of the polarity of Earth’s magnetic field. Geologic Record: The division of earth’s history into time periods. Stromatolites: rocklike structure composed of layers of prokaryotes and sediment. Serial Endosymbiosis: A model of the origin of eukaryotes consisting of a sequence of endosoymbiotic events in which mitochondria and chloroplasts and perhaps other cellular structures were derived from small prokaryotes that had been engulfed by larger cells. Pangaea:Read MoreWhy Is Plant Cells?1750 Words   |  7 Pagescan directly be linked to their cyanobacteria are known as ‘primary plasmids’. (Wikipedia). In recent studies relating to the evolution of the chloroplasts, it has been found that Chlamydiae may be a third party in primary endosymbiosis, second instance of primary endosymbiosis represented by the chromatophores found in amoebae of the genus Paulinella, and a new explanation for the longevity of captured chloroplasts (kleptoplasts) in sacoglossan sea slugs. (PubMed, chloroplast evolution, structureRead MoreBiology: The Endosymbiotic Theory Essay example580 Words   |  3 PagesUniversity who in 1967 began to tell an older view. She suggested that certain prokaryotes had been overtaken by larger more active species. Instead of being digested inside the host cell some victims continued to thrive and grow. The theory of Endosymbiosis describes the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria and their double membran es. This concept explains the idea that chloroplasts and mitochondria are the results of years of evolution started by endocytosis of bacteria and blue green algae. BasedRead MoreThe Evolution Of Cells : A Hypothesis For The Advancement Of Cell Association1511 Words   |  7 Pagesendeavours to outline the issue have normally been in the traditional Darwinian mode, and the centre to date has been nearly solely on demonstrating the advancement of the eukaryotic cell. The reason, obviously, is clear—the claim of the endosymbiosis idea. Since endosymbiosis has offered ascend to the chloroplast what s more, mitochondrion, what else would it be able to have done in the more remote past? Scholars have since a long time ago toyed with an end symbiotic (on the other hand cell combination)

Week 1 Sociology Notes - 1548 Words

Week One Assignment Chapter One The Sociological Perspective The sociological perspective provides a specific view of the world. Briefly describe this perspective and the assumptions this perspective is based on. The sociological perspective puts emphasis on the social context in which people live in and how these contexts influence their lives. At the center of this perspective is the question of how groups influence people, especially how people are influence by their society. Sociologists will look at how income, jobs, education, gender. age. and race affect people’s ideas and behavior. Summarize the main points of Karl Marx’s theory of class conflict. Karl Marx’s class conflict theory states that the bourgeoisie (or the†¦show more content†¦At this point children understand numbers, causation, and speed. They are able to play other roles and to play with others on teams. Lastly, there is the formal operational stage (after the age of about 12). At this point they can come to conclusions, and use rules to solve problems. This is where children can become young philosophers. Explain how society channels our behavior through gender socialization. Gender socialization has a lot to do with how we act and grow. As children, we learn what is expected of us within our gender roles, and from there we are nudged into different lanes of life. As we grow older, most of us act, think, and sometimes even feel depending on these gender maps that society has built for us. Our parents are the first role models for gender differences that we see. They teach us so much about our gender orientations without even realizing it. For example, a study done on the way mothers encourage differences in gender orientation, showed that mothers subconsciously reward daughter for being passive and dependent, while they reward sons for being active and independent. Peers reinforce many of the ideas about gender orientation that is exposed to us through our family and society. The peer group, individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests, play the most powerful role in a persons gender socialization. As you grow up, naturally a peer group of girls focuses on looks andShow MoreRelatedPhenomenology Is The Study Of Phenomena Essay1037 Words   |  5 Pagesbeings and phenomenology argues that the only way we can confirm the existence of a phenomenon is through the way we consciously perceive our surroundings (Heidegger, as cited by Aspers 2009). Sociological methodology implies that the notion of sociology is indeed a science. Empirical phenomenology and ethnomethodology aim to describe, â€Å"how people perceive and think about things, although this is central to the phenomenological approach† (Aspers 2009, p. 6). Social scientific analysis seeks understandingRead MoreSoc 110 Complete Course Soc110 Complete Course Essay1062 Words   |  5 Pageshttp://workbank247.com/q/soc-110-complete-course-soc110-complete-course/22132 SOC 110 Week 1 Assignment : Group Communication Competencies Survey and Summary Complete  the University of Phoenix Material: Group Communication Competencies Survey. Write  a 350- to 525-word summary of your results and ways to improve your competency. Click  the Assignment Files tab to submit both parts of your assignment. SOC 110 Week 1 Assignment : The Value of Teams Write  a 100- to 200-word response to each of the following:Read MoreSoc 300 Week 9 Assignment 2 Lending Institutions, Health Care, and Human Capital6751 Words   |  28 PagesSOC 300 Week 9 Assignment 2 Lending Institutions, Health Care, and Human Capital https://homeworklance.com/downloads/soc-300-week-9-assignment-2-lending-institutions-health-care-and-human-capital/ To Get this Tutorial Copy Paste above URL Into Your Browser Hit Us Email for Any Inquiry at: Lancehomework@gmail.com Visit our Site for More Tutorials: ( http://homeworklance.com/ ) SOC 300 Week 9 Assignment 2 Lending Institutions, Health Care, and Human Capital Assignment 2: Lending InstitutionsRead MoreA Graduate Student At The University Of Chicago1688 Words   |  7 PagesYou’re a graduate student at the University of Chicago and you’re pursuing your degree in sociology. You’ve been going to seminars and they do not seem to be doing anything for you. You want to get to the root of problems. You go searching for answers and you find them in the office of a professor. Still there seems to be something missing and you go looking for it. This is what Sudhir Venkatesh goes through. As a rogue sociologist, Venkatesh struggled with changing a research project, getting informationRead More The Effect of Gangs in There Are No Children Here Essay949 Words   |  4 Pagestension always lurks in the background. The gangs that are rampant in the housing projects of Chicago cause this tension. In the Henry Horner Homes, according to Kotlowitz, one person is beaten, shot, or stabbed due to gangs every three days. In one week duri ng the authors study of the projects, police confiscated 22 guns and 330 grams of cocaine in Horner alone (Kotlowitz 32).    For the children of the projects, the pressure to join a gang never waivers. Quick cash and protection are hardRead MoreReading And Understanding College Textbooks1223 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopmental reading is around 250; lower-level developmental reading enrolls about 200 students annually. Students are required to take developmental reading based on their standardized reading placement test score. Students meet for three hours a week for 15-weeks. Reading and Understanding College Textbooks emphasizes improvement of the reading process and study skills necessary for understanding and learning college-level material; it focuses on strengthening reading comprehension and encourages criticalRead MoreSociology Essay20437 Words   |  82 PagesAS Sociology Sociology Nik Jorgensen Text  © Nelson Thornes Distance Learning 2010 Illustrations  © Nelson Thornes Distance Learning 2010 All rights reserved. The copyright holders authorise ONLY users of NTDL AS Sociology to make photocopies for their own or their students’ immediate use within the teaching context. No other rights are granted without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, of Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby StreetRead MoreLight On The Life And Accomplishments Of Ida B. Wells1433 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to shine light on the life and accomplishments of Ida B. wells. She wasn’t a sociologist but her contributions to sociology were major Patricia A. Schechter has written an expansive and important biography of Ida B. Wells-Barnett. Ida B. Wells was born to slaves in Holly Springs, Mississippi, on July 16, 1862. Ida B. Wells parents were active in the Republican Party during Reconstruction. James, Wells father, was involved with the Freedman’s Aid Society and helpedRead MoreScientific Method and Unobtrusive Measures697 Words   |  3 PagesSOCI 1301 Principles of Sociology Chapter 5 Quiz 1) Which of the following statements is the best example of a hypothesis? A) All men are created equal. B) A penny saved is a penny earned. C) Unemployed men are more likely to commit spousal abuse than employed men. D) More than 300 million people live in the United States. 2) In the statement, Poverty causes crime, the words poverty and crime are best described as ________ because they are subject to change. Read MoreSocial Science vs Natural Science - How Singaporeans Have Reacted Towards the Fare Hike and Also Whether the Increase in Public Transports Fares Is Justifiable.1431 Words   |  6 PagesSocial sciences analyse systematically the social realm of the world. They are integrative area of study of human behaviour and society which encompasses disciplines of anthropology, economics, political science, psychology and sociology. Social sciences study methodically the manner in which people behave and how they influence the world around us. It aims to comprehend any given social phenomena by using a methodology borrowed from the physical sciences. Social sciences and natural sciences differ

The History of Interqual free essay sample

The history of InterQual continues to be written, but what it has achieved in 30 years is remarkable. Thousands of people in hospitals, health plans and government agencies use InterQual evidence-based clinical decision support criteria daily to help answer critical questions about the appropriateness of levels of care and resource use. The criteria have helped define and legitimize the disciplines of utilization and care management, giving medical directors and other hospital and health-plan professionals support in making the type of objective, evidence-based decisions that define top-quality, efficient care and open the door to greater transparency and collaboration between payors and providers. The Health Care Financing Administration (now the Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services) licenses InterQual Criteria for use in reviewing Medicare hospital inpatient services. Guidelines for EKG †¢ One baseline EKG required at the first office visit {First try to get it from previous PCP} †¢ Second EKG required according to pt’s symptoms, e. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Interqual or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page g. syncope, palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath or as per MD’s clinical judgment Guidelines for Echocardiogram— †¢ New onset of afibrillation/atrial flutter †¢ New EKG abnormality { Always compare with old EKG} †¢ Arrhythmias †¢ New murmur by physical exam LV function assessment—h/o CABG, h/o CHF, New CHF by physical exam, acute MI, old MI, periodic assessment of EF lt; 40%, pt on chemo with cardio toxic agents †¢ Before sending pt to Cardiology †¢ Suspected valvular endocarditis †¢ Prosthetic valve assessment †¢ Valvular heart disease †¢ Congenital heart disease †¢ Pericardial heart disease †¢ Suspected hypertrophic cardiomyopathy †¢ Acute cardio-pulmonary dysfunction †¢ Respiratory failure with hemodynamic instability Cardiology Referral— †¢ Do all the work-up from office before sending pt to cardiology e. g. EKG, Echo, Holter, PT/INR Please state the reason for referral to cardiology e. g. Cardiology evaluation for possible nuclear stress test Indications— New afibrillation/atrial flutter Dyspnea, after R/O pulmonary problem Chest pain with risk factors for CAD and new abnormal EKG {Always compare with old EKG, do not go by just computer reading} {Risk factors for CAD- DM, HTN, high cholesterol, smoking, positive family history for CAD, women gt; 55 yo, Males gt; 45 yo, cocaine abuse Post MI New symptom of angina Palpitations/tachycardia New CHF New exercise induced palpitations Non-sustained Ventricular tachycardia Abnormal EKG—look for ST-T abnormality, Q wave gt; 1 mm {Always compare with old EKG}

Every man is like all other men free essay sample

Plato stated more than 2000 years ago: â€Å"No two persons are born exactly alike; but each differs from the other in natural endowments, one being suited for one occupation and the other for another. † Individual differences can be studied or examined at three levels of focus captured by the well known quote: â€Å"Every man is in certain respects (a) like all other men, (b) like some other men, (c) like no other man. † (H. A. Murray C. Kluckhohn, 1953). A man is like all other men because some features of his personality are common to the human race. We will write a custom essay sample on Every man is like all other men or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That is, each man possesses certain features that are present in every other man in the human race. These include physical, emotional and mental features. Every man goes through birth and eventually learns how to move about and adapt to his environment. Every man grows in height, matures and dies. He does all of these things including others as a member of the human race. Animals also go through similar stages. However, there are some traits unique to man only. It is only human beings that are able to have an erect posture, hands with ten fingers that hold things and two feet that can walk, a nervous system enabling him to speak and learn. All men are social beings and adapt to the cultures of their societies. As social animals, men are conformed to a system of interdependence with others in their society. As cultural animals also, they must adapt to tradition and its expectations. All humans are birthed into an impersonal world which can present several threats to survival. Human adjustment to the outer environment depends on social as well as cultural life. In certain particular characteristics of personalities, most men are like some other men. Similarities in personality traits can be found among members of the same societies or members of the same socio-cultural unit. For example, a hundred Gambians will display certain mannerisms and characteristics that a hundred Ghanaians would not display. Scholars all over the world have something in common, so do athletes and so do those who were born into poverty or wealth. Also, there might be certain traits in peoples’ personalities of one society that might remind us of personality traits of people in other societies. Finally, there is the fact that man in many regards is like no other man. Anthony Giddens said, â€Å"Human beings are knowledgeable agents. † This means that humans can perceive things, make choices and are aware of the consequences of their choices. Every man has different ways of perceiving and making choices. Man’s perception and choices are in part influenced by their guardians; that is, how they were brought up and what experiences they have been through. Because men go through various experiences in life- all of which have some sort of uniqueness to them- the perception and choices of one man will be completely different from the next. In conclusion, quoting from the famous book on personality written by Henry A. Murray and Clyde Kluckhohn, â€Å"The personality of an individual is the product of inherited dispositions and environmental experiences. These experiences occur within the field of his physical, biological, and social environment, all of which are modified by the cultures of his group. Similarities of life experience and heredity will tend to produce similar personality characteristics in different individuals, whether in the same society or in different societies. †