Essay on Endosymbiosis - 1045 Words

Endosymbiosis Endosymbiosis is the theory that eukaryotic cells were formed when a prokaryotic cell ingested some aerobic bacteria. The first step of the evolution of a eukaryotic cell is the infolding of the cellular membrane. This process takes place when the plasma membrane folds inwards and develops an envelope around a smaller prokaryotic cell. Once the smaller cell is engulfed, it becomes dependent upon its host cell. It relies on the host cell for organic molecules and inorganic compounds. However, the host cell also benefits because it has an increased output of ATP for cellular activities and becomes more productive. This ATP comes from the mitochondrion (the aerobe) that is engulfed. All eukaryotic cells contain the†¦show more content†¦The protein-synthesizing machinery in mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble prokaryotes. This is shown through their ribosomal RNA and the structure of the ribosomes. The ribosomes are similar in size and structure to bacterial ribosomes. fMat is always the first amino acid that is in the mitochondria and chloroplasts transcripts. The antibiotics that act by blocking protein synthesis in bacteria also block protein synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplasts. These antibiotics do not interfere with protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotes. The inhibitors that effect the protein synthesis of eukaryotic ribosomes do not change the protein synthesis of the bacteria, mitochondria, or chloroplasts. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have two membranes that surround them. The inner membrane is probably from the engulfed bacterium and this is supported by that the enzymes and proteins are most like their counterparts in prokaryotes. The outer membrane is formed from the plasma membrane or endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell. The electron transport enzymes and the H+ ATPase are only found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of the eukaryotic cell. (2) Currently, there are two major competing theories for the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells. The first theory claims that the eukaryotic cell is a combination of an archaeon with aShow MoreRelatedEndosymbiosis and evolution of Organelles Essay1631 Words   |  7 Pages Endosymbiosis is important as it enables us to understand the evolution of eukaryotes from the common ancestor. This essay will focus on: the early evolution of our eukaryote ancestor during Precambrian period, plastids origin along the algae family due to second endosymbiosis; discuss the evidence that supports the theory, including further examples of endosymbiosis. The theory, as discussed by Lynn Margulis, states that mitochondria originated from ÃŽ ±-proteobacteria bacterium which wasRead MoreA Critical Analysis Of The Theory Of Endosymbiosis And It s Supporting Evidence1641 Words   |  7 PagesA critical analysis of the Theory of Endosymbiosis and it’s supporting evidence Abstract Introduction The endosymbiotic theory is an evolutionary theory explaining the origin of Eukaryotic cells from Prokaryotic, and is at present; the most widely accepted evolutionary theory of the Eukaryotic cell. The theory explains the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts and their double membranes, suggesting that chloroplasts and mitochondria represent formerly free-living bacteria that were taken intoRead MoreThe Theory Of The Serial Endosymbiotic Theory1590 Words   |  7 Pagesmitochondria and plastids within a eukaryotic cell were once independent prokaryotic cells (a single celled organism, which contains a nucleus and other organelles that are absent of a membrane ), having been obtained by another organism through endosymbiosis, to become endosymbiot around 1.5 billion years ago. Where the eukaryotes several key organelles originated through a process called symbiosis, with this occurring between separate single celled organisms (prokaryotic cells). Through researchRead MoreCompar ing The 18th Century Physician And Botanist Linnaeus Instituted A Taxonomic System1427 Words   |  6 PagesBetween 1.5 to 2 billion years ago the invasion between two prokaryotic cells created mitochondria and chloroplasts that are eukaryotic cell organelles. This is the process of endosymbiosis as shown in the image below; endosymbiosis is the condition in which different organisms live one inside the other. The impact endosymbiosis has made by producing eukaryotes is rather great. This can be said because eukaryotic cells can achieve functions that the prokaryote cannot. Such as the fact eukaryotes canRead MoreWomen In Science. A Couple Of Centuries Ago, The Role Of1026 Words   |  5 Pagesdid not come easily. Like other scientists, she had to stand up for her ideas and accept repeated rejections. When Margulis wrote about her theory of endosymbiosis, it took her multiple attempts and submissions to journals before it was published in 1967 under the Journal of Theoretical Biology as a fifty-page article. Margulis’s theory of endosymbiosis created the idea that eukaryotic cells evolved by the use and acquisition of smaller cells. The theory was criticized since it overturned the modernRead MoreThe Between Prokaryotic And Evolution Of Cells And Organisms With Novel Capabilities Essay812 Words   |  4 Pagesaccepted view that models the evolution of these organisms. Symbiosis mo dels rely on intimate relationships over prolonged periods of time, this association allowed the symbionts to co-exist and hence become mutually dependent on each other (4). The endosymbiosis theory, is arguably the first detailed symbiosis proposal for the origin of eukaryotes, and was presented by Margulis in the 1960s (4). Eukaryotic cells are thought to be the remnants of ancient bacterial intruders which are now surviving as derivedRead MoreAp bio guided reading chapter 2 and 261372 Words   |  6 Pagesto decay Magnetic reversal: A reversal of the polarity of Earth’s magnetic field. Geologic Record: The division of earth’s history into time periods. Stromatolites: rocklike structure composed of layers of prokaryotes and sediment. Serial Endosymbiosis: A model of the origin of eukaryotes consisting of a sequence of endosoymbiotic events in which mitochondria and chloroplasts and perhaps other cellular structures were derived from small prokaryotes that had been engulfed by larger cells. Pangaea:Read MoreWhy Is Plant Cells?1750 Words   |  7 Pagescan directly be linked to their cyanobacteria are known as ‘primary plasmids’. (Wikipedia). In recent studies relating to the evolution of the chloroplasts, it has been found that Chlamydiae may be a third party in primary endosymbiosis, second instance of primary endosymbiosis represented by the chromatophores found in amoebae of the genus Paulinella, and a new explanation for the longevity of captured chloroplasts (kleptoplasts) in sacoglossan sea slugs. (PubMed, chloroplast evolution, structureRead MoreBiology: The Endosymbiotic Theory Essay example580 Words   |  3 PagesUniversity who in 1967 began to tell an older view. She suggested that certain prokaryotes had been overtaken by larger more active species. Instead of being digested inside the host cell some victims continued to thrive and grow. The theory of Endosymbiosis describes the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria and their double membran es. This concept explains the idea that chloroplasts and mitochondria are the results of years of evolution started by endocytosis of bacteria and blue green algae. BasedRead MoreThe Evolution Of Cells : A Hypothesis For The Advancement Of Cell Association1511 Words   |  7 Pagesendeavours to outline the issue have normally been in the traditional Darwinian mode, and the centre to date has been nearly solely on demonstrating the advancement of the eukaryotic cell. The reason, obviously, is clear—the claim of the endosymbiosis idea. Since endosymbiosis has offered ascend to the chloroplast what s more, mitochondrion, what else would it be able to have done in the more remote past? Scholars have since a long time ago toyed with an end symbiotic (on the other hand cell combination)

Week 1 Sociology Notes - 1548 Words

Week One Assignment Chapter One The Sociological Perspective The sociological perspective provides a specific view of the world. Briefly describe this perspective and the assumptions this perspective is based on. The sociological perspective puts emphasis on the social context in which people live in and how these contexts influence their lives. At the center of this perspective is the question of how groups influence people, especially how people are influence by their society. Sociologists will look at how income, jobs, education, gender. age. and race affect people’s ideas and behavior. Summarize the main points of Karl Marx’s theory of class conflict. Karl Marx’s class conflict theory states that the bourgeoisie (or the†¦show more content†¦At this point children understand numbers, causation, and speed. They are able to play other roles and to play with others on teams. Lastly, there is the formal operational stage (after the age of about 12). At this point they can come to conclusions, and use rules to solve problems. This is where children can become young philosophers. Explain how society channels our behavior through gender socialization. Gender socialization has a lot to do with how we act and grow. As children, we learn what is expected of us within our gender roles, and from there we are nudged into different lanes of life. As we grow older, most of us act, think, and sometimes even feel depending on these gender maps that society has built for us. Our parents are the first role models for gender differences that we see. They teach us so much about our gender orientations without even realizing it. For example, a study done on the way mothers encourage differences in gender orientation, showed that mothers subconsciously reward daughter for being passive and dependent, while they reward sons for being active and independent. Peers reinforce many of the ideas about gender orientation that is exposed to us through our family and society. The peer group, individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests, play the most powerful role in a persons gender socialization. As you grow up, naturally a peer group of girls focuses on looks andShow MoreRelatedPhenomenology Is The Study Of Phenomena Essay1037 Words   |  5 Pagesbeings and phenomenology argues that the only way we can confirm the existence of a phenomenon is through the way we consciously perceive our surroundings (Heidegger, as cited by Aspers 2009). Sociological methodology implies that the notion of sociology is indeed a science. Empirical phenomenology and ethnomethodology aim to describe, â€Å"how people perceive and think about things, although this is central to the phenomenological approach† (Aspers 2009, p. 6). Social scientific analysis seeks understandingRead MoreSoc 110 Complete Course Soc110 Complete Course Essay1062 Words   |  5 Pageshttp://workbank247.com/q/soc-110-complete-course-soc110-complete-course/22132 SOC 110 Week 1 Assignment : Group Communication Competencies Survey and Summary Complete  the University of Phoenix Material: Group Communication Competencies Survey. Write  a 350- to 525-word summary of your results and ways to improve your competency. Click  the Assignment Files tab to submit both parts of your assignment. SOC 110 Week 1 Assignment : The Value of Teams Write  a 100- to 200-word response to each of the following:Read MoreSoc 300 Week 9 Assignment 2 Lending Institutions, Health Care, and Human Capital6751 Words   |  28 PagesSOC 300 Week 9 Assignment 2 Lending Institutions, Health Care, and Human Capital https://homeworklance.com/downloads/soc-300-week-9-assignment-2-lending-institutions-health-care-and-human-capital/ To Get this Tutorial Copy Paste above URL Into Your Browser Hit Us Email for Any Inquiry at: Lancehomework@gmail.com Visit our Site for More Tutorials: ( http://homeworklance.com/ ) SOC 300 Week 9 Assignment 2 Lending Institutions, Health Care, and Human Capital Assignment 2: Lending InstitutionsRead MoreA Graduate Student At The University Of Chicago1688 Words   |  7 PagesYou’re a graduate student at the University of Chicago and you’re pursuing your degree in sociology. You’ve been going to seminars and they do not seem to be doing anything for you. You want to get to the root of problems. You go searching for answers and you find them in the office of a professor. Still there seems to be something missing and you go looking for it. This is what Sudhir Venkatesh goes through. As a rogue sociologist, Venkatesh struggled with changing a research project, getting informationRead More The Effect of Gangs in There Are No Children Here Essay949 Words   |  4 Pagestension always lurks in the background. The gangs that are rampant in the housing projects of Chicago cause this tension. In the Henry Horner Homes, according to Kotlowitz, one person is beaten, shot, or stabbed due to gangs every three days. In one week duri ng the authors study of the projects, police confiscated 22 guns and 330 grams of cocaine in Horner alone (Kotlowitz 32).    For the children of the projects, the pressure to join a gang never waivers. Quick cash and protection are hardRead MoreReading And Understanding College Textbooks1223 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopmental reading is around 250; lower-level developmental reading enrolls about 200 students annually. Students are required to take developmental reading based on their standardized reading placement test score. Students meet for three hours a week for 15-weeks. Reading and Understanding College Textbooks emphasizes improvement of the reading process and study skills necessary for understanding and learning college-level material; it focuses on strengthening reading comprehension and encourages criticalRead MoreSociology Essay20437 Words   |  82 PagesAS Sociology Sociology Nik Jorgensen Text  © Nelson Thornes Distance Learning 2010 Illustrations  © Nelson Thornes Distance Learning 2010 All rights reserved. The copyright holders authorise ONLY users of NTDL AS Sociology to make photocopies for their own or their students’ immediate use within the teaching context. No other rights are granted without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, of Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby StreetRead MoreLight On The Life And Accomplishments Of Ida B. Wells1433 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to shine light on the life and accomplishments of Ida B. wells. She wasn’t a sociologist but her contributions to sociology were major Patricia A. Schechter has written an expansive and important biography of Ida B. Wells-Barnett. Ida B. Wells was born to slaves in Holly Springs, Mississippi, on July 16, 1862. Ida B. Wells parents were active in the Republican Party during Reconstruction. James, Wells father, was involved with the Freedman’s Aid Society and helpedRead MoreScientific Method and Unobtrusive Measures697 Words   |  3 PagesSOCI 1301 Principles of Sociology Chapter 5 Quiz 1) Which of the following statements is the best example of a hypothesis? A) All men are created equal. B) A penny saved is a penny earned. C) Unemployed men are more likely to commit spousal abuse than employed men. D) More than 300 million people live in the United States. 2) In the statement, Poverty causes crime, the words poverty and crime are best described as ________ because they are subject to change. Read MoreSocial Science vs Natural Science - How Singaporeans Have Reacted Towards the Fare Hike and Also Whether the Increase in Public Transports Fares Is Justifiable.1431 Words   |  6 PagesSocial sciences analyse systematically the social realm of the world. They are integrative area of study of human behaviour and society which encompasses disciplines of anthropology, economics, political science, psychology and sociology. Social sciences study methodically the manner in which people behave and how they influence the world around us. It aims to comprehend any given social phenomena by using a methodology borrowed from the physical sciences. Social sciences and natural sciences differ

The History of Interqual free essay sample

The history of InterQual continues to be written, but what it has achieved in 30 years is remarkable. Thousands of people in hospitals, health plans and government agencies use InterQual evidence-based clinical decision support criteria daily to help answer critical questions about the appropriateness of levels of care and resource use. The criteria have helped define and legitimize the disciplines of utilization and care management, giving medical directors and other hospital and health-plan professionals support in making the type of objective, evidence-based decisions that define top-quality, efficient care and open the door to greater transparency and collaboration between payors and providers. The Health Care Financing Administration (now the Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services) licenses InterQual Criteria for use in reviewing Medicare hospital inpatient services. Guidelines for EKG †¢ One baseline EKG required at the first office visit {First try to get it from previous PCP} †¢ Second EKG required according to pt’s symptoms, e. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Interqual or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page g. syncope, palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath or as per MD’s clinical judgment Guidelines for Echocardiogram— †¢ New onset of afibrillation/atrial flutter †¢ New EKG abnormality { Always compare with old EKG} †¢ Arrhythmias †¢ New murmur by physical exam LV function assessment—h/o CABG, h/o CHF, New CHF by physical exam, acute MI, old MI, periodic assessment of EF lt; 40%, pt on chemo with cardio toxic agents †¢ Before sending pt to Cardiology †¢ Suspected valvular endocarditis †¢ Prosthetic valve assessment †¢ Valvular heart disease †¢ Congenital heart disease †¢ Pericardial heart disease †¢ Suspected hypertrophic cardiomyopathy †¢ Acute cardio-pulmonary dysfunction †¢ Respiratory failure with hemodynamic instability Cardiology Referral— †¢ Do all the work-up from office before sending pt to cardiology e. g. EKG, Echo, Holter, PT/INR Please state the reason for referral to cardiology e. g. Cardiology evaluation for possible nuclear stress test Indications— New afibrillation/atrial flutter Dyspnea, after R/O pulmonary problem Chest pain with risk factors for CAD and new abnormal EKG {Always compare with old EKG, do not go by just computer reading} {Risk factors for CAD- DM, HTN, high cholesterol, smoking, positive family history for CAD, women gt; 55 yo, Males gt; 45 yo, cocaine abuse Post MI New symptom of angina Palpitations/tachycardia New CHF New exercise induced palpitations Non-sustained Ventricular tachycardia Abnormal EKG—look for ST-T abnormality, Q wave gt; 1 mm {Always compare with old EKG}

Every man is like all other men free essay sample

Plato stated more than 2000 years ago: â€Å"No two persons are born exactly alike; but each differs from the other in natural endowments, one being suited for one occupation and the other for another. † Individual differences can be studied or examined at three levels of focus captured by the well known quote: â€Å"Every man is in certain respects (a) like all other men, (b) like some other men, (c) like no other man. † (H. A. Murray C. Kluckhohn, 1953). A man is like all other men because some features of his personality are common to the human race. We will write a custom essay sample on Every man is like all other men or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That is, each man possesses certain features that are present in every other man in the human race. These include physical, emotional and mental features. Every man goes through birth and eventually learns how to move about and adapt to his environment. Every man grows in height, matures and dies. He does all of these things including others as a member of the human race. Animals also go through similar stages. However, there are some traits unique to man only. It is only human beings that are able to have an erect posture, hands with ten fingers that hold things and two feet that can walk, a nervous system enabling him to speak and learn. All men are social beings and adapt to the cultures of their societies. As social animals, men are conformed to a system of interdependence with others in their society. As cultural animals also, they must adapt to tradition and its expectations. All humans are birthed into an impersonal world which can present several threats to survival. Human adjustment to the outer environment depends on social as well as cultural life. In certain particular characteristics of personalities, most men are like some other men. Similarities in personality traits can be found among members of the same societies or members of the same socio-cultural unit. For example, a hundred Gambians will display certain mannerisms and characteristics that a hundred Ghanaians would not display. Scholars all over the world have something in common, so do athletes and so do those who were born into poverty or wealth. Also, there might be certain traits in peoples’ personalities of one society that might remind us of personality traits of people in other societies. Finally, there is the fact that man in many regards is like no other man. Anthony Giddens said, â€Å"Human beings are knowledgeable agents. † This means that humans can perceive things, make choices and are aware of the consequences of their choices. Every man has different ways of perceiving and making choices. Man’s perception and choices are in part influenced by their guardians; that is, how they were brought up and what experiences they have been through. Because men go through various experiences in life- all of which have some sort of uniqueness to them- the perception and choices of one man will be completely different from the next. In conclusion, quoting from the famous book on personality written by Henry A. Murray and Clyde Kluckhohn, â€Å"The personality of an individual is the product of inherited dispositions and environmental experiences. These experiences occur within the field of his physical, biological, and social environment, all of which are modified by the cultures of his group. Similarities of life experience and heredity will tend to produce similar personality characteristics in different individuals, whether in the same society or in different societies. †

Pruitt Igoe as a Part of the Urban Renewal Act

St. Louis was transformed by the processes of concentration and deconcentration which related to the times and people’s social status. Concentration was evident through the distribution of the population. The lower and middle class people were placed into one area, close to the city and their workplaces. This was a form of exclusion of a part of the population from the rest of the city. Deconcentration took place in a type of urbanization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pruitt Igoe as a Part of the Urban Renewal Act specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People were moving away from the city to have their own home with a backyard and a front lawn which provided for space and light. At the same time, people who gained some resources were moving away from the city, thus causing a deconcentration of the work force and the general population. As the amount of people was decreasing, social programs and housing proje cts started to get abandoned and forgotten. Pruitt Igoe was a part of the Urban Renewal Act which is evident through the examination of several factors. The primary one was to rebuild the slums and make sure that people had proper living conditions. Previously, the environment was very unsafe and unsanitary for people. Children had no place to play and spend time at. The project was meant to enable people to have proper housing and playgrounds. The fact that the buildings were located close to the center of the city provided for easy access to factories, stores and social services. As the society and the government of a nation have a key role in a city, the general values of a large group of people are aligned with those of individuals and communities. Physical features of the housing play a significant role in the environment and the movement of people. Pruitt Igoe failed for several reasons; the two major ones are the isolation of the location, and the second one is people losing jobs, and the city becoming demographically unstable. Isolation happened due to the decentralization of the building and architectural flaws. People became secluded from the rest of the population and as such, the area started to receive bad reputation within the city. The level of security started to go down which resulted in people moving out and abandoning the projects. The second reason was related to people losing jobs and being unable to pay for rent. This led to the worsening of conditions, deterioration of basic services and general living conditions. Plumbing and fires became a common occurrence, and people were forced to leave. The movie is titled â€Å"The Pruitt Igoe Myth† where â€Å"myth† relates to the unresolved problems, and people’s inability to clearly identify the factors that led to the deterioration. In the beginning of the construction, people have dreamt that it will be a perfect place to live. After the buildings were complete, it did be come a dream life for many, but it did not last very long. Even though it was meant to provide a better life for people, it turned out to be a myth because a building alone cannot make sure that people have a better existence.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The housing was only a framework, but many conditions that were necessary in the support of the environment depended on the people and the city. As such, the population and the government could not manage the worsening state of affairs, and the project became a myth. This essay on Pruitt Igoe as a Part of the Urban Renewal Act was written and submitted by user Malaysia Alvarez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Business Letter

Dear Ms. Bussell The reason for this letter is to state my interest to be employed in your company, Bussell/Livingstone Interior, Inc (BLI). I became aware of your company through a newspaper ad, and I then went to the website listed to gain more information about your company. After browsing the website, I was intrigued by your work with high profile clients, such as Gianni Versace and Cher. Your expertise in the field is obvious, thus contributing to my interest in your organization. Taking notice in your goal to create a beautiful space without using a single piece of furniture is what has made me realize how innovative your company is. BLI is attentive to client’s needs, and establishing its identity as an interior architecture firm rather than as decorators. You have established homes with the look of the owner’s personality leaving them with the security and comfort of being in â€Å"their† own home. Your firm takes time to sit down with your clients and discuss their exact needs in the expectations of the design of their home. Not many companies do this, which has also made me realize the highly developed standards your company has created. I recently graduated with a Masters Degree in interior design from the California College of Arts & Crafts School of Architectural Studies. Currently, I am interested in finding an environment in which I could not only use my education and skills but further develop my range of experiences and expertise. Among my accomplishments, I have succeeded in redesigning and revitalizing both work space and living area for the current mayor of Ontario. In appreciation for my work, I was honored to receive the city’s Distinguished Student Artist Award. I hope to continue to focus my designs on meeting my client’s needs and interests with reasonable budgets. Not only do I feel both qualified and prepared to join your firm but your work represents exactly the direction I hope to take as my... Free Essays on Business Letter Free Essays on Business Letter Dear Ms. Bussell The reason for this letter is to state my interest to be employed in your company, Bussell/Livingstone Interior, Inc (BLI). I became aware of your company through a newspaper ad, and I then went to the website listed to gain more information about your company. After browsing the website, I was intrigued by your work with high profile clients, such as Gianni Versace and Cher. Your expertise in the field is obvious, thus contributing to my interest in your organization. Taking notice in your goal to create a beautiful space without using a single piece of furniture is what has made me realize how innovative your company is. BLI is attentive to client’s needs, and establishing its identity as an interior architecture firm rather than as decorators. You have established homes with the look of the owner’s personality leaving them with the security and comfort of being in â€Å"their† own home. Your firm takes time to sit down with your clients and discuss their exact needs in the expectations of the design of their home. Not many companies do this, which has also made me realize the highly developed standards your company has created. I recently graduated with a Masters Degree in interior design from the California College of Arts & Crafts School of Architectural Studies. Currently, I am interested in finding an environment in which I could not only use my education and skills but further develop my range of experiences and expertise. Among my accomplishments, I have succeeded in redesigning and revitalizing both work space and living area for the current mayor of Ontario. In appreciation for my work, I was honored to receive the city’s Distinguished Student Artist Award. I hope to continue to focus my designs on meeting my client’s needs and interests with reasonable budgets. Not only do I feel both qualified and prepared to join your firm but your work represents exactly the direction I hope to take as my...

Career Assesment Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Career Assesment - Personal Statement Example I have learned that accounting gives one the basics of life, and teaches an individual as to how one’s life domains would be handled. As far as the knowledge and skills are concerned, I have been lucky to comprehend the true meaning of life through my logical and mathematical skills. I am good at reasoning which helps me to differentiate things and thus become better with the changing times. I possess good analytical skills which make my life easy. It gives me a good enough understanding of the things that surround my life and more so the educational domains that center on the premise of bringing about a positive change within my entirety. I can analyze things in such a manner that there are positives for one and all, as it assists me in a better planning pattern as far as the things are concerned. It gives me a good comprehension of how questions and solved and how queries are resolved in the most amicable manner. I opine that the logical repertoire that I possess within my f olds is indeed my forte because it helps me disseminate information which is valid from the one that does not hold any weight. It allows me to gain an edge over other individuals because I believe that I am at a better stance than other under such logical reasoning structures and situations. I have always yearned to achieve a great deal at the hands of the circumstances and situations that have been imposed on me or which have come upon me as a result of the life’s varied dimensions. I am thankful to nature for providing me a chance to be a part of this life as it has been one exciting challenge nonetheless. My skills and abilities are therefore very well placed and I would like to learn new elements and facets which would further boost my professional and educational experience in the days to come. I have set both short term and long term goals for myself. The short term goals are for a period of 3 to 5 years and these help me derive the basis of success in the long run sche me of things. I have set for myself to getting the CPA license which will help me to understand the nuances of accounting in a much better manner. It will allow me to have my own place within the accounting field for all the right reasons. It will put me in a better stead with my compatriots who are in the same league and are a part of the accounting discipline. This is something that I have planned for myself in the short term and thus remains my objective over the period of 3 to 5 years. Similarly, I want to get my Masters degree within auditing and taxation as these are some steps ahead of what I have learned within the field of accounting. It would give me the much needed mileage that I require from my accounting domains. It will also make me feel privileged of who I am and how I am able to share my expertise with the world around me. This will allow me to start working in an accounting firm and thus give me the much needed experience that I require for my entirety. It would als o make me feel as an important part of the accounting fraternity and make me understand the relevant realms of growth and development within this very field. As far as the long term plans are concerned, I wish to secure a job within IRS as an auditor because this is something that I would cherish to have for my eventual success. Therefore my short term and long term goals are well drawn out and I know for certainty that I am on the right track as far as my future domains are concerned. I

Research and argument Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

And argument - Research Paper Example This harassment of the LGBT community extends to higher learning institutions like universities and colleges. Students belonging to this community face verbal and physical violence from fellow students thus making their academic environment horrible (Andreatta 197). The society sees this community as immoral and their security becomes an issue. LLC, living learning community, intends to support this community by introducing housing that recognizes unity among the LGBT members. It aims at bringing together this community and helps them achieve recognition from the society. It also aims at providing them with a safer environment where they can interact, share, and understand their surroundings better. LLC believes that the housing issue will succeed. They hope to make housing arrangements where students of the same identity will stay together regardless of their gender. This will only be successful if students put their efforts in implementing the idea. This housing idea has led to man y arguments for and against the emerging model of LGBT housing on U.S. campuses. There are groups supporting the idea but others who are against it. LGBT housing is a good idea because it recognizes the LGBT community. The housing idea will bring together the LGBT community and promote their self-esteem. The community members have low self-esteem because the society seems not to accept them thus humiliating them and their feelings. When they are staying together, they are able to share some challenges they face and work on the solutions to that. Sharing of their experiences in campus and the society will strengthen their togetherness and behavior. They will be able to fight for their rights in the campus and spread the same spirit to other members in the society. LGBT community is real and it is growing at a high rate in US and in the world. If the members do not raise their voices and fight for

Managing business finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Managing business finance - Essay Example In a Collateralized Loan Obligation, an investor is entitled to receive periodic debt payments as interests from the underlying loans and at the same time assume the major part of the risks related to the underlying loans in the event of the default of loans. The Collateralized Loan Obligations offers higher benefits and opportunities for the investors by creating the scopes for greater diversity and the chances of returns which are higher than the average returns from other securities. Banks sell these securities with slices and tranches which reflect varied levels of seniority in respect of matching the risk versus rewards profiles of the loans. The following example can be used to understand the working of the Collateralized Loan Obligations. Assume that a corporation is willing to take a debt of USD 100 million to finance its business expansion process and that this corporation has assets which have a valuation of USD 20 million. The cost of debt for the loan is taken to be 5% per annum and the risk free rate of return is 1% per annum. The corporation issues a USD 100 million of debt structures which includes a top trance of USD 40 million and a bottom tranche of USD 60 million. The top tranche would be backed up by the assets of the company so that in the event of credit default, the investors can pay off the loan by selling off the assets to recover the investment. The interest rate in this case is 2.5% per annum. The bottom tranche of USD 60 million does not have any backing even in the event of credit default. For this case, the interest rate per annum would be 6%. For the Collateralized Loan Obligations, the rate of interest would be calculated as follows: This cost of debt is lower than the cost of debt calculated in average. Therefore, it is cost effective and attractive for investment purposes. The

Investment Report on Qantas Airlines

Investment Report on Qantas Airlines Introduction Qantas main international hubs are at Sydney and Melbourne airport, as well as operates a significant number of international flights. Qantas owns Jetstar Airways and when it became privatised in 1993, became one of the most profitable airlines in the world. Qantas has a total of 299 aircrafts and 29,350 employees as of 2015, and its closest competitor is Singapore Airlines (SIA). Qantas goal is to be the worlds best airline, providing travel experiences and putting safety first at all times. Since 2006, Qantas has saved over 2.5 million tonnes of carbon emission through its Qantas Future Planet Program. This is Qantass program for their sustainability, environmental and social initiatives. In 2008, Qantas ordered 20 A380s, and using Required Navigation Performance and air traffic management, helped to save thousands of kilograms of carbon emission. In 2012, Qantas won an award for setting the standard for large organisations and has won another 3 awards till date. Financial/Economic Performance Table 1.0 General Information on Qantas Financial Information and Analysis of Qantas This portion of the report aims to provide relevant financial information, analysis and the profitability of Qantas. This report also compares between Qantas and SIA to provide a more in depth evaluation on the profitability of Qantas. Profitability Analysis of Qantas As seen in Table 1.0, Qantas had a negative return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), as well as profit margin. According to Max Mason (2014), the statutory loss does not represent a cash loss to the company, rather it is a paper loss in the value of its assets. However, in 2015, Qantas made a comeback and made an increase of 26%. Moreover, Qantas made an 83% increase in return on equity (ROE) and their profit margin increased by 31%. This shows that Qantass negative ratios were most probably caused by lack of customers wanting to travel. ROA measures the return earned by management through operations as well as reflects the result of the entitys ability to convert sales revenue into profit. ROE measures the rate of return on the capital invested by shareholders. A sustained high ROE attracts new competitors to the industry and eventually erodes excess ROE. Profit margin is a measure of profitability. It is used to calculate the net profit as a percentage of the revenue. Liquidity Analysis Table 1.1 Liquidity Analysis of Qantas When calculating current ratio, it is best if the ratio is 1 or more than 1. Most people regard a current ratio that is less than 1, as a company that is facing insolvency. While Qantas in this case has a ratio of less than 1, it is still comforting to know that their assets still contain enough cash and receivables, and one of the non-current liabilities contains revenue received in advance. Although it is unearned, when the amount received is earned, it will be credited accordingly. 2.3 Profitability Ratios Between Qantas and SIA Table 1.3 Profitability Ratios between Qantas and SIA Table 1.4 Qantas and SIA Financial Statement 2015 2.3.1 ROA Comparison Between Qantas and SIA Earnings Before Interest and Tax (EBIT) shows the earnings generated by the company, ignoring tax and debt. A high EBIT would mean that the company is either earning a high revenue or have low expenses. As seen in Table 1.4, although the revenue earned is about the same, SIAs expenditure is higher, thus resulting in a lower EBIT. Adding on to that, SIAs asset is higher than Qantas, thus resulting in a lower ROA. The ROA shows that Qantas is able to convert sales revenue into profit better than SIA as well as better at generating income from its asset investments. Moreover, this translates into efficiency in using its resources so as to generate a good return for investors. 2.3.2 ROE Comparison Between Qantas and SIA As seen from Table 1.4, Qantas NPAT is higher than SIA, which translates into Qantas being better at earning a return on the equity provided to them. That can be seen from the amount of equity both companies have. For SIA, this is what we call a capital funded company. A capital funded company relies on investment from shareholders to operate and for SIA, it is shown that they are not making full use of their investments to enable a good return to their investors. 2.3.3 Profit Margin Comparison Between Qantas and SIA Profit margin is a ratio used to calculate a companys financial performance. Commonly, a low profit margin would indicate lower sales than other companies in the industry. As seen from Table 1.3 and 1.4, Qantas has almost the same revenue, but a higher profit margin than SIA, which could indicate that they are cost conscious, therefore have less expenditure. Social Performance of Qantas Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), is a form of self-regulation that companies engage in, to provide some social good, beyond the interests of the firm, regulators and environmental protection groups. By undertaking CSR, companies are able to reach out to consumers trust through positive public relations and encourage the company to make an impact on the environment and stakeholders. Qantas partners with organisations such as Make-A-Wish, e-motion21, Mardi Gras and UNICEF to promote a positive change. 3.1 Make-A-Wish Australia Qantas is the official airline of Make-A-Wish Australia, an organisation that grants wishes to children with life threatening illnesses. Since 1985, over 8000 wishes had been granted and since 2008, the Qantas Foundation has donated over $5.7 million for charitable causes in Australia. Qantas also helped fulfil the wish of a boy, with stage 4 Wilms tumour, who wanted to be a pilot by bringing him to a plane simulator as well as showed him around the workings of a plane. 3.2 E.motion21 E.motion21 is a non-profit organisation that aims to improve the lives of people with down syndrome through dance, fitness and performance. As a corporate partner, Qantas supported the organisation by sending 18 dancers and their families to South Africa for the World Down Syndrome Congress and even gave Lauren Potter a surprise serenade when she touched down in Australia. 3.3 Mardi Gras Also known as the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras in Australia, its a parade to celebrate Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) pride. As a major partner of the parade, Qantas celebrates the spirit of diversity by having their own Gay 380 float. Qantas is also a Gay-Friendly airline, with non-stop flights to Australia and New Zealand, countries with a thriving LGBT community. 3.4 UNICEF Providing humanitarian assistance to children and mothers in developing countries, UNICEF is a non-profit organisation that relies on government and private funding. UNICEF partnered with Qantas to create the Change for Good program, where Qantas passengers unwanted spare change were collected and donated to UNICEF for the purpose of providing textbooks for education or protecting children from diseases. This concept has helped raise at least $28 million over the past 23 years. Environmental Performance of Qantas Qantas takes initiative in protecting the environment on both land and air, and has partnerships that promote sustainability and conservation. The most important initiative would be in the air, where planes are frequently releasing emissions that slowly harms the ozone layer. Since 2007, Qantas has been reducing harmful emissions, making them one of the industry leaders in environmental protection. As of 2014, Qantas managed to reduce electricity consumption by 9%, water consumption by 11% and landfill by 20%. To reach their 2020 target, Qantas has been using Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF), investing in fuel efficiency, flying carbon neutral, and recycling. On the ground, Qantas protects the environment indirectly by using natural gas for their headquarters as well as a reduction in utilities used. 4.1 In the Air 4.1.1 Sustainable Aviation Fuel SAF is now in its second generation and currently, 2% of global emissions come from aviation and is expected to rise to 3% by 2050. Although solar, electric and hydrogen aircrafts are being researched on now, it is still more feasible to use SAF due to aviations need for high power-to-weight ratio. In 2012, Qantas was the first Australian airline to use SAF to operate a commercial flight and have partnered with Shell Australia and the government to explore the production of SAF in Australia. In a study conducted with industry partners, findings have shown that SAF can result in the creation of 12,000 clean energy jobs, a 17% reduction in emissions and a $2 billion reduction in the reliance of oil imports. 4.1.2 Fuel Efficiency Program In recent years, Qantas has phased out old airplanes and purchased newer ones that are equipped with the latest technology and engines. Some of the airplanes include the Airbus A380, Boeing 787 Dreamliner and Airbus A320 neo. Other methods of fuel efficiency would include weight reduction by investing in lighter equipment or adjusting the amount of portable water the plane carries based on passenger needs and sector length. 4.1.3 Flying Carbon Neutral Since the launch of the Fly Carbon Neutral program in 2007, Qantas has managed to offset over 1.8 million tonnes of carbon. Carbon offsetting in business terms, is the purchasing of carbon credits to enable businesses to compensate for their carbon emissions. For Qantas, not only do they offset their employees carbon footprint, but each time a customer flies on Qantas, they can choose to offset their share of carbon emissions. In other words, you contribute a sum of money equivalent to your carbon footprint and Qantas will use that contribution to fund carbon offset projects that provides genuine, lasting environmental and social benefits. Qantas does not earn from the contribution and Fly Carbon Neutral is the largest airline offset program in the world. Qantass carbon offset projects include, protecting the Tasmanias wilderness, empowering rainforest communities, improving Cambodian air quality and protectingallow the Peruvian amazon. 4.1.4 Recycling Qantas was the first Australian airline to introduce inflight recycling and has since recycled 390 tonnes of paper and 200 tonnes of bottle per year. Qantas takes recycling very seriously and pushes their suppliers to produce more sustainable products and less packaging. For example, currently, all the paper cups provided on board are made from 35% recycled paper. Qantas also tries to get their customers to join in to save the environment by assisting the cabin crew to separate the recyclable items for collection. 4.2 On the Ground 4.2.1 Tri Generation Projects and Campus Redevelopment Qantas reconstructed their headquarters by building Australias largest tri-generation project in Sydney. The system allows cooling, heating and electricity by using natural gas as the fuel so as to produce more efficient, lower carbon energy for the headquarters, catering centre, jet base and domestic terminal. The end result would be a reduction of 23,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions per year, an equivalent of taking 7,000 cars off the road. It will also raise the energy efficiency rating from a NABERS 1.5 star to NABERS 5 star. 4.2.2 Utilities Reduction In order to achieve their water and electricity targets, Qantas purchased LED lights to improve lighting efficiency as well as procuring energy efficient appliances. Rectification of water leaks and installing water efficient fixtures was done as well. Conclusion Although low current ratio was seen, I would recommend anyone to invest in Qantas as the profitability ratios show a more than significant improvement between 2014 and 2015. This is much more evident when compared to SIA, another top leading airline in the world. Moreover, Qantas engages in various environmental and social aspects to make sure they are a well-recognised company. Reference list

Experimental Drug Therapies for the Treatment of Wet-Type Age-Related Macular Degeneration :: Medicine Medical Disease Papers

Experimental Drug Therapies for the Treatment of Wet-Type Age-Related Macular Degeneration In a society where technology has lengthened the average lifespan, age-related disorders present new treatment challenges. In the United States, senior citizens over the age of 65 account for 21% of the population (US, 2001). This group of people will experience changes in their perceptual systems as they age, making it harder for them to function. Some of these changes will occur systematically and naturally, while others will result from disease. In the case of vision, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual impairment in the elderly population (Levin, 1997). Experts estimate that ten million senior citizens over the age of 75 suffer with AMD, approximately one third of Americans 75 and older (Levy, 1999). AMD attacks the retina of aging eyes and is found in two forms. The most common form diagnosed is dry-type AMD. In this disease, accounting for 85% of all AMD diagnoses (Thompson & Daniels, 1998), the layers of the retina deteriorate and thin in the fovea resulting in severe vision loss in the central line of vision. Often, fat deposits, called drucen, develop and further impair vision. Wet-type AMD makes up the remaining 15% of AMD diagnoses and progresses more rapidly and painfully than dry-type AMD. This form of AMD is responsible for severe visual impairment in 90% of all AMD cases diagnosed (Gisele & Bressler, 2001; Thompson & Daniels, 1998). Although dry-type AMD does not usually predict wet-type AMD, between 10-20% of patients with dry-type AMD eventually develop wet-type AMD (Gisele & Bressler, 2001). Wet-type AMD is characterized by choroidal neovascularization (CNV), or the growth of new blood vessels in the layers of the retina (Gisele & Bressler, 2001). Not only do these new capillaries impede vision by blocking incoming light, they also leak blood into the surrounding tissues causing further damage. Currently, the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) has only approved two treatment techniques for wet-type AMD (Yam & Netting, 1999; Visudyne, 2000). Researchers first developed photocoagulation, a procedure utilizing lasers to cauterize new capillaries and seal leaks. Unfortunately, this treatment is only useful in approximately 10% of patients who seek it and, while photocoagulation does decrease vision loss, the results are only short-term and the risk of damage to nearby photoreceptors is high (Gisele & Bressler, 2001; Yam & Netting, 2001; Thompson & Daniels, 1998). The most recently approved treatment option is verteporfin photodynamic therapy, a two-step treatment approved by the FDA in 2000 (Visudyne, 2000).

Pit-Bull Case

Legislation over the long-standing debate regarding the safety of housing Pit Bulls continues between pro Pit-Bull advocates and those fearing for their safety throughout Canada. Today, the issue of housing large, potentially dangerous dogs in the city has reached pivotal concern. A course of action is necessary. The level of concern surrounding Pit Bulls is greater than the concern over other dangerous domesticated dogs. There are, however, people who enjoy having Pit Bulls as pets. Pit Bull owners constitute a smaller percentage of people in comparison to those with concern over a Pit Bull’s safety. It comes down to pure fear over these life-threatening dogs. Yes, the anti-Pit Bull contingency has a voice, and with justifiable concern. Evaluation is in order regarding the pros and cons surrounding this issue. This position paper will clearly show that all breeds of Pit Bulls should not be housed in cities throughout Canada. There are many breeds of Pit Bulls—all of which can be threatening. The various breeds of other dangerous domesticated dogs are even larger. Lawyer Clayton Ruby argues the legislation. He sites the following: since 1983 there were 23 dog attacks in Canada that led to fatality. Of these 23 attacks, only one involved a Pit Bull. Thus, according to Mr. Ruby, legislation needs to be written governing all dangerous dogs, and not just Pit Bulls. The slant here, however, will be focused on developing legislation that will make it illegal to own a Pit Bull if you reside in a major city in Canada’s surrounding Provinces. First, we must consider the levels of all dog aggression in comparison to Pit Bulls’ aggression. The least dangerous level is called the submissive level. It includes dogs that display very little signs of aggression. Dogs of this nature tend to roll over when challenged and they will not respond with aggression. No Pit-Bull, regardless of breed, meets these criteria. The next level of dog aggression is known as the generic level. This level of dog aggression only demonstrates hostility if another angered dog approaches it. At this level, if attacked, a generic dog will respond with just enough tenacity to repel the instigating dog from its assault. Again, there isn’t a single Pit Bull that is calm enough to match this non-threatening level. The next level of aggression meets the characteristics of a Pit Bull Terrier. This Pit Bull, labeled a happy-normal-Pit-Bull-Terrier, is a dog that only displays aggression when challenged. This dog will respond aggressively. The only way to separate an aggressive Pit Bull Terrier is by using a ‘break-stick’ level of restraint. These restraining traits must be learned from trained specialists. Here in lies our first red flag. If even the most receptive breed of Pit Bull has a tendency for hostility, it is not feasible to consider Pit Bulls as an environmentally-safe pet, especially in the confines of a city. Pit Bulls at their most obedient level will always attempt to make friends with new dogs. This unreserved level of sociability in a Pit Bull can be the catalyst that leads to aggressiveness and fighting, or even death. When we add a Pit Bull that lives in a crowded city, the situation becomes grave and the opportunity for an unfortunate incident increases. It’s important to point out that even the friendliest Pit Bull will not tolerate aggressive behavior. If, for example, a Pit Bull is led through a small city park where people take dogs and children to play, there is a greater chance for altercation. Even if leash-restrained Pit Bulls are led through a city, the opportunity for an unfortunate encounter, on any given sidewalk might occur. Dogs, by nature, tend to gravitate toward one another. This curious sniffing can lead to danger if a Pit Bull is involved. The next level of Pit Bill is known as the average Pit Bull. These dogs will exhibit aggression toward strange dogs of the same sex while acting cautious around dogs of the opposite sex. If an average Pit Bull is challenged, they will counter with aggression. Physical intervention is necessary to separate a fight. Lastly, we come to the dog-aggressive-Pit-Bull. Pits at this level can live with other dogs but will attack any strange dogs (strange refers to any dog unfamiliar to a Pit Bull). Again, the only means of alleviating aggressive encounters between dogs at this level of aggression is by physical intervention. The fights can be very serious. There are a large number of variables that can occur to a Pit Bull in a city that would lead to aggression. Sometimes it only takes curiosity from neighboring dogs or young children to initiate a Pit Bull’s innate sense for violent tendencies. Legislation that does not allow city-dwellers to own a Pit Bull needs to pass. So many people live together in tight quarters in Canadian cities. This makes it an unsafe region for Pit Bulls. This legislation must come to action before another person or animal is maimed or killed by these instinctively dangerous dogs.

Birth Order Essays

Birth Order Essays Birth Order Essay Birth Order Essay Jennifer Dean Birth Order The birth order as a useful construct would be an essential tool to determine whether or not an individual(s) is possibly predisposed to having any inherent form of maladaptive perfectionism or non-perfectionism behaviors or traits. This type of information would provide some understanding of a clients behaviors prior to seeking professional counseling or group therapy. There have been written over seventeen hundred birth order theories since the first was published by Alfred Adler in 1927. They all differentiate and do not fit every situation. This true with any theory. Alfred Adler in 1927 was the first theorist to emphasize the role of birth order. It suggested that the creation of ones personality is based on the parental influence(s) associated with personality development. (Burger, 2008) Idlers theory of birth order was partly based on his own childhood experiences and his therapeutic sessions with his clients. Alfred Adler believed that everyone has some sort of birth order experience, unless they are an only child. Much of his work was based on his own feelings of inferiority he felt once his sibling was born and his lifelong personal struggle to achieve superiority. Originally, he based his theory was on the idea that from early childhood (possibly even infancy); spend their life trying to overcome any type of emotional, mental, or physical weaknesses. These may be self-perceived or ones that the client felt others perceived about them. These were the deficiencies that they needed to change, in order to regain or reach/strive for superiority. Adler also introduced the Inferiority Concept, which occurs when an individual cannot compensate or cope with what they see as his or her deficiencies. Adler suggests that the firstborn children are naturally showered with an abundance of excessive attention. This comes from all the excitement of the newness, change, happiness and the miracle that is life. With such an event, emotions run high and in most cultures, great priority is placed of the arrival and birth of the first born. Theorist Kevin Leman theorized in his 1985 book Birth Order Book, that the first born child would grow up to be responsible, competitive, and conventional. (Leman, 1985) Upon the arrival of the second child, the first born may feel ignored, non-important, insignificant, replaced and pushed out of the limelight. They tend to develop an inferiority complex due to the possibility of feeling dethroned (Burger, 2008. The middle children tend to develop into very strong, independent, intellectual survivors. Lem mas theory suggests that the second/thereafter child/children will grown up into playful, cooperative, and rebellious individuals. When then third and sequential children arrive, the excitement of a new baby comes and the older children and expected to care more for themselves. The last children tend to get away with more because the parents tend to be more lenient (after having been worn down from the previous children). They may also be coddled or babied- Some older siblings may accuse them of getting away with murder. This possibly stemming from the parents fears and insecurities of empty nest syndrome. From personal experience, I came from a family years my senior. She has and always will be the favorite. I am the middle-the mistake. My brother is six years my Junior and was a desperate attempt to save a failing marriage. He was very sick. If you were to utilize Idlers theories and Lemmas, they would both have merit. My sister definitely is extremely competitive. She has to always be number one and be the center of attention. Yet, the truth is her self- esteem is very low. She is always striving for superiority. I ran away a lot as a child. Vive been on my own since I was 14. I am completely autonomous since. I am a survivor. A bit of a rebel, yet, very loyal to a fault. My brother is a rebel and has a need, a drive, to make people proud. All though I was a middle child, I was removed from my family at an early age. I was in boarding school, etc. I have never seen myself as a middle child. And therein lays the exception- I am more like an orphan or an only child. In conclusion, with all theories come great ideas. Many are based on facts from clinical trials with actual clients and patients. In the psychological field, many re actually from the psychologists/theorists own personal experiences and life. Many of them actually work out their own issues through therapy with helping their clients. While there is a lot of merit to birth order from the psychological perspective, one must never forget that children never ask to be born. It is not their burden to bear-they all deserve a fair and equal chance at life and love. References Burger, Jerry M. Personality, 8 deed. (2008) Retrieved on September 5, 2013 from http:// Lemma, Kevin. Birth Order Book, (1985). Retrieved on September 7, 2013 from Family:]rank. Org/pages/164/birth-order

Research Paper Topic Ideas

Research Paper Topic Ideas Research Paper Topic Ideas Research Paper Topic Ideas While writing research paper, you should remember that it must be based an original controversial topic. Research paper writing requires exploration of  some problem (for example, terrorism, abortion, genetically modified food). The topic shouldn't be too general. If you are interested in investigating the topic you care about, you should read as much literature as you can find. It help you not only to narrow your research paper topic but also to know more about the chosen topic. For example, the topic 'Abortion' is too general, but you may investigate one side of this problem while writing academic research paper. The narrow one will be 'Induced abortion as an independent risk factor for breast cancer' . While writing research paper on this very topic, you should give general information in the introduction about the problem of the abortion in the modern world. A thesis statement should also be presented at the end of the research paper writing introduction. You should write po ssible pros and cons in the body of your research paper. It'll be a good idea to present data which support your arguments; otherwise you will end with opinion paper, not research paper. The body paragraphs should explain your chosen position on the topic supported with the evidence. Finally, research paper conclusion is a last step where you should include concluding remarks. Research Paper Help If you have some uncertainty how to write a research paper, this part of the article will give you helpful information for research paper writing (referencing secondary sources): Use secondary sources while writing research paper. It means that your research may come across the other writer who quotes or discusses another book or author. In this case, you must cite on the reference page the source where you have found this reference to another book. However, the original sources may not be included in your reference page of the research paper. However, you obviously must include source where you have found the reference. Besides, you must tell the reader the name of the author whose work was paraphrased or quoted. For example: Anderson (as cited in Jackson, 1998, p. 71) the professor of linguistic reports that...   If necessary, you need to add appendix page. If you have appendix, mark it as Appendix in the center at the top of the research paper page. If you have two, three, four etc. use capital letters beginning with the first one (Appendix A, Appendix B etc.). The appendix shouldn't be placed on the reference page. Custom Written Research Paper If the above information is not enough for you to write a research paper, you can always rely on our assistance.   is available 24/7 to assist you with research paper writing on any topic.   We provide free plagiarism report and guarantee authenticity of every delivered custom written research paper.

Internship report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Internship report - Essay Example Moreover, I leant that creation business relationship is an initial step for success and that the relationships need frequent evaluations. This was part of my job at Al-Ain Company. In addition to the responsibilities stated above. I was tasked to arrange meetings between the company and customers. This was aimed at creating good rapport and understanding between the company and potential partners. The company, Al-Ain is an Engineering and Contracting firm started in 1993 in Iraq. It started as Wady Al Ain Bureau after having some successful contracts in engineering and construction. Wady AL-Ain was certified as an engineering and contracting firm by the Planning Ministry of Iraq. Since inception, the company has been in action operations in Iraq and is responsible for many facilities and constructions in the country. Wady Al Ain has a clean reputation as a reliable contactor who can offer the terms of the contract beyond expectations. The company specializes in construction works, software engineering, network solution, telecommunication equipment and other technology solutions. The ability of the firm to deliver high quality solution has enabled it to earn partnerships with other firms in the industry and also from other related industries. Such firms include MÃ ¼hlbauer group and UTSCH AG (Wady Al-Ain n.d). In world where technology controls virtually everything, every company or organization needs up to date solutions. As an experienced company, Al-Ain seeks to enhance access to technology by businesses and government agencies. Its numerous services such as telecommunication enhances effective and quick communication through installation of satellite dishes, SIM cards, micro SIM cards and also bank cards to secure transactions. This has made the company an indispensable part of engineering and technology sector in Iraq. Other developments of the company include high security documents such as identity document and also data

Diversity Boing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Diversity Boing - Essay Example Moreover, systemic changes to the way in which the Boeing culture existed and the way in which it currently exists were also required. As a means of tracking these changes and making key observations concerning them, the following analysis will engage the reader with a level of understanding concerning the way in which diversity was motivated and the ways in which it was implemented within Boeing. Further, a brief summary and reflective statement will be provided at the end of this assignment as a means of classifying and categorizing the utility that working as a part of the group dynamic was able to have with regards to better understanding the case study and the many factors associated with it. As Boeing’s upper management and senior stakeholders began to realize that their firm’s hope of long-term success hinged upon the ability to integrate with the outside world, a brief internal audit revealed the fact that diversity within the firm’s design and production elements was ultimately extraordinarily low (Mecham, 2002). As such, in order to appeal to a more broad demographic and come more in line with the globalized nature of an increasingly diverse society and world, Boeing saw the immediate need to seek to diversify its staff. Whereas many firms realize this particular need and slowly make moves to see this happen over time, Boeing initiated an aggressive diversity strategy that hinged upon seeking out the most qualified applicants while keeping in mind the unique levels of diversity that the firm required. This two-pronged approach was effective in the fact that it did not place either ability or diversity as the prime goal for the firm. In such a way, the expertise and focus of the firm was able to be maintained while a subtle yet decisive change to company culture was initiated. Moreover, even a cursory level of analysis with regards to the way in which diversity takes place indicates the fact that sudden rapid changes with regards t o diversity and/or diversity implementation within a culture can oftentimes be negatively received by the stakeholders. Realizing this, Boeing set out to engage a slower and more gradual approach that would seek to replace outgoing talent with a more diverse workforce; while at the same time reinforcing the mores and norms of diversity appreciation within the culture of the firm. This nuanced approach proved to be highly effective as the company was not only able to continue to operate in a profitable manner domestically; it was also able to continue the march towards global success by providing its international clients with the products and services they required. This is a testament to the success of Boeing’s diversity is the fact that the firm championed this goal alongside the vision and mission statements that had already proven to be so effective in helping to garner profitability to the Boeing firm (Holmes, 2003). Without inherently changing the scope of activities an d/or the expertise that it had already accrued over the years of successful business implementation, Boeing was able to chart a somewhat distinct approach to the future. Looking all the way into the present era, it can be noted that Boeing exhibits a very high degree of diversity within an aerospace company that

Airbus Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Airbus - Term Paper Example Airbus is a company in the aerospace industry, dealing with the manufacture of aircraft in the division of Airbus Group. Headquartered in Blagnac France, Airbus has established its manufacturing and production facilities in many other countries around the globe, with the most identifiable including German, Spain, and the United Kingdom (Norris and Wagner, 1999). According to the latest statistics, the company was able to produce 626 airlines in 2013. Three individuals namely; Bernard Lathià ¨re, Roger Bà ©teille, and Henri Ziegler founded the company in 1970. Over the years, the company’s success has been realized mainly due to the contributions of two key individuals; Fabrice Bregier, the chief executive officer and Gunter Butscheck, the chief operating officer. As at 2008, the company’s revenue was at Euros 33.10 billion. Despite diversifying their operations into many different countries, Airbus deals solely in the manufacture of commercial airlines as its only product. As at the moment, the company has 63,000 employees in its sixteen different working sites in the different countries in which the company had built its production and manufacture facilities. Currently, Airbus is considered as the world’s manufacture of the largest passenger airliner the A380 (Norris and Wagner, 1999). It is the desire of many businesses to expand to different regions that show potential success opportunities. In such a perspective, Airbus has been able to establish expansive opportunities in many different countries in the world. One of the countries is China. China is currently one of the developed countries in the world, and therefore, experiencing significant changes in terms of the business ventures (Som, 2009). The substantive rise economically by China has mainly been attributed to changes the country has made in its political and economic systems. With the current manner in which China develops

In the name of the father Essay Example for Free

In the name of the father Essay Often a film conveys a message about a character through various film techniques. This is true in the film â€Å"In The Name of the Father†. This story is mainly about a young man who is arrested for a crime he did not commit and how a relationship between father and son deepens throughout the tragedy. The main character, Gerry Conlon, is first portrayed to the viewer as an unruly rebel but is later developed into a more docile and compliant character. The director, Jim Sheridon, uses film techniques such as costume design, dialogue and extended metaphors to convey the development of Gerry as a character. 1st paragraph: -1st time we see gerry, scruffy, uncut -costume design baggy jeans, long hair, dirty appearance -gives idea that gerry doesn’t care about his appearance or what people think of him -as film progresses he sharpens up appearance -combed pulled back hair 2nd: -change also shown through dialogue -lawyer asks him if he is scared of the court: -he replies â€Å"i just don’t want to be humiliated again† -this brief piece of dialogue shows that he has now changed and does care what others think of him -helps viewer understand how desperate an innocent man can be in the fight for justice 3rd: -use of extended metaphor -viewer sees lawyer gareth pierce driving through a long tunnel while listening to gerrys story -this could be viewed as an extended metaphor for the long dark road gerry has gone down while fighting the legal system -as the story draws to a conclusion she reaches the end of the tunnel, or the ‘light at the end of the tunnel’ -could refer to the point in the story where gerry and the others are finally set free

We Must Enforce Title IX Essays -- Intercollegiate Athletics

The Civil right Acts of 1964 was originally written to end discrimination based on race, color, national origin, and along the way came Title IX. Title IX as we all know gave equal opportunity for women to participate in sports starting in Elementary schools to colleges or the universities level and almost all schools and colleges receive federal funding. The original intention was never focused on sports. It wasn’t until 1969 when an emerging activist by the name of Bernice Sandler complained to the University of Maryland and many more other universities that women are being treated unfairly, and the inequalities in pay, rank, admissions, and much more. In 1970, â€Å"Sandler joined Representative Edith Green’s Subcommittee on Higher Education and sat in on the congressional hearings where women’s rights were discussed†. It wasn’t in congressional hearing that Green and Sandler proposed Title IX and again, there was very limited mention of sports. The focal point was aiming toward equalities at employment and federally financed institutions. Although, Title IX was officially passed into law on June 23, 1972, many people didn’t fully understand what Title IX and that there were also other people who was against Title IX. President Nixon â€Å"President Nixon directed the now-defunct Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) to carry out this important task.† In wasn’t until 1972 when the HEW published their finalized copy of Title IX and that’s when people had a good understanding of what it truthfully means. This was the step that people have finally have a clear understanding of Title IX and that it would applies to college athletics. Universities were given three years to implements Title IX. Many universities weren’t too happy a... ...men are still being treated unfairly in the school system and are getting the dead end of the deal. Works Cited Priest, Laurie. "The Whole IX Yards: the impact of Title IX: the Good, the Bad and the Ugly. " Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal. 12.2 (Fall 2003) Yiamouyiannis, Athena. "The future of Title IX: ensuring success through proactive approaches." Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal 12.2 (Fall 2003) Claussen, Cathryn L. "Female sport participation in America: the effectiveness of Title IX after 35 years." The International Sports Law Journal 3-4 (July-Oct 2007) Reynolds, Gerald. "Further Clarification of Intercollegiate Athletics Policy Guidance Regarding Title IX Compliance." (2003) "FIFA/Coca-Cola Women's World Ranking." n. pag. Web. 28 Mar 2011. .

Business Law Essay

As courts decide cases involving the Internet and new kinds of issues not addressed previously, what role, if any, does precedent play? What role should it play? What difficulties could arise? A court would first look to see if any applicable statutes apply to the situation. Beyond that, the court would consider whether or not there are any earlier relevant court decisions applicable to the case. The court might find a similar case, though one not involving the Internet, and extend its application to the Internet. Through this process, existing law can be extended to apply to new situations. Difficulties can arise if courts extend the application of an existing law to a new area where there are crucial differences that make the application of the old law improper. The Jurisdiction of the Court% Steve often purchases office supplies from Supplymax. a company with stores in many states, but none in Steve home state of Missouri. Supplymax does, however, maintain a distribution center in Kansas City. Missouri. Supplymax does not advertise in Missouri except that it places a few advertisements in national magazines. Some of which are sold in Missouri. Steve has an agreement with their store in Chicago. and Steve will often contact the Chicago store and have them hold items for him to pick up when he is on one of his frequent business trips to Chicago. Last year. Steve purchased eight chairs from Supplymax to use with his Conference table at his business. At a recent meeting with his local sales staff. One of the chairs collapsed injuring Steve. Steve has sued Supplyimax in state court in his hometown of St Louis. Supplymax does not want to have this case heard in Si. Louis. Or anywhere in Missouri for that matter. But if it must be in Missouri. Supplymax demands that the case be heard in Kansas City. Discuss the issues and likely outcome of his situation. Supplymax probably meets the minimum contacts requirement with the state of Missouri. Given its distribution center and advertising in national publication that reaches Missouri. Thus Missouri would have personal jurisdiction. Because the lawsuit arises out of events in St. Louis and there are witnesses from St. Louis. Proper venue would be in St. Louis. If the amount in controversy were more than $75,000, Supplymax could transfer the case to federal court.

Persuasive Writing Assignment Essay

Rebellion is when one refuses to accept authority. The transition of childhood into adulthood is most often represented by actions of rebellious nature. The average teen is always looking for away to escape conformity. Two pieces of work that express a common theme of rebellion and conformity are, The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger and the movie Conspiracy Theory starting Mel Gibson and Julia Roberts. Both pieces express this common theme of rebellious and conformity in a society that simply won’t allow it. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye the main character, Holden Caulfield, goes through many hardships in trying to search for his place in society. Holden rebels throughout the whole book against rules, schools, and people that he encountered. An example of Holden’s external conflict with conformity was on his date with Sally. At the end of their date, Holden shares a dream of running away with her to escape the normalcy in everyday society, â€Å"I have about a hundred and eighty bucks in the bank. I can take it out when it opens in the morning, and then I could go down and get this guy’s car. No kidding. We’ll stay in these cabin camps and stuff like that till the dough runs out,† (Page 132). How the movie Conspiracy Theory is related to The Catcher in the Rye, is that the movie’s main character Jerry Fletcher is a New York City Taxi driver who is always telling people that a list events trigged in the world are done by Government conspiracies but he never seems to get anywhere with his theories. However one of the conspiracies comes true and the CIA is trying to shut Jerry up before he does anymore damage. Now the reason why these two are connected is because, in both cases each character are trying to achieve being different and don’t want to be tied down by what other people tell them to do. In Jerry’s case he is trying to tell the truth about these theories to the general public and try to raise awareness about it before it’s too late. In Holden’s case, he feels that he needs to escape this sort of normalcy that exists in his society. The example of running away and living in the country has everything to do with conformity. The external conflict that both characters face have to do with making sure they don’t fall into the trap that society has set out of them and to try and achieve the impossible in a impossible world. Both Jerry and Holden always fee that they are being alienated in society and both are trying to find a purpose in life.

The History Behind Cobell Vs. Salazar

The History Behind Cobell Vs. Salazar Surviving multiple presidential administrations since its inception in 1996, the Cobell case has been known variously as Cobell v. Babbit, Cobell v. Norton, Cobell v. Kempthorne and its current name, Cobell v. Salazar (all defendants being Secretaries of the Interior under which the Bureau of Indian affairs is organized). With upwards of 500,000 plaintiffs, it has been called the largest class-action lawsuit against the United States in U.S. history. The suit is the result of over 100 years of abusive federal Indian policy and gross negligence in the management of Indian trust lands. Overview Eloise Cobell, a Blackfoot Indian from Montana and banker by profession, filed the lawsuit on behalf of hundreds of thousands of individual Indians in 1996 after finding many discrepancies in the management of funds for lands held in trust by the United States in her job as treasurer for the Blackfoot tribe. According to U.S. law, Indian lands are technically not owned by tribes or individual Indians themselves but are held in trust by the U.S. government. Under U.S. management, Indian trust lands Indian reservations are often leased to non-Indian individuals or companies for resource extraction or other uses. The revenue generated from the leases is to be paid to the tribes and individual Indian land owners. The United States has a fiduciary responsibility to manage the lands to the best benefit of tribes and individual Indians, but as the lawsuit revealed, for over 100 years the government failed in its duties to accurately account for the income generated by the leases, let alone pay the revenues to the Indians. History of Indian Land Policy and Law The foundation of federal Indian law begins with the principles based on the doctrine of discovery, originally defined in Johnson v. MacIntosh (1823) which maintains that Indians only have a right to occupancy and not the title to their own lands. This led to the legal principle of the trust doctrine to which the United States is held on behalf of Native American tribes. In its mission to civilize and assimilate Indians into mainstream American culture, the Dawes Act of 1887 broke up the communal landholdings of tribes into individual allotments which were held in trust for a period of 25 years. After the 25-year period, a patent in fee simple would be issued, enabling an individual to sell their land if they chose to and ultimately breaking up the reservations. The goal of the assimilation policy would have resulted in all Indian trust lands in private ownership, but a new generation of lawmakers in the early 20th century reversed the assimilation policy based on the landmark Merria m Report which detailed the deleterious effects of the previous policy. Fractionation Throughout the decades as the original allottees died the allotments passed to their heirs in subsequent generations. The result has been that an allotment of 40, 60, 80, or 160 acres, which was originally owned by one person is now owned by hundreds or sometimes even thousands of people. These fractionated allotments are usually vacant parcels of land that are still managed under resource leases by the U.S. and have been rendered useless for any other purposes because they can only be developed with the approval 51% of all other owners, an unlikely scenario. Each of those people is assigned Individual Indian Money (IIM) accounts which are credited with any revenue generated by the leases (or would have been had there been appropriate accounting and crediting maintained). With hundreds of thousands of IIM accounts now in existence, accounting has become a bureaucratic nightmare and highly costly. The Settlement The Cobell case hinged in large part on whether or not an accurate accounting of the IIM accounts could be determined. After over 15 years of litigation, the defendant and the plaintiffs both agreed that an accurate accounting was not possible and in 2010 a settlement was finally reached for a total of $3.4 billion. The settlement, known as the Claims Settlement Act of 2010, was divided into three sections: $1.5 billion was created for an Accounting/Trust Administration fund (to be distributed to IIM account holders), $60 million is set aside for Indian access to higher education, and the remaining $1.9 billion sets up the Trust Land Consolidation Fund, which provides funds for tribal governments to purchase individual fractionated interests, consolidating the allotments into once again communally held land. However, the settlement has yet to be paid due to legal challenges by four Indian plaintiffs.

Rhetorical Analysis, Global Warming the Great Delusion Essays

Rhetorical Analysis, Global Warming the Great Delusion Essays Rhetorical Analysis, Global Warming the Great Delusion Paper Rhetorical Analysis, Global Warming the Great Delusion Paper Patterson contends that In fact, global warming is the most widespread mass hysteria in our species history, and that the beliefs Of global warming proponents are the result of their own delusional imaginations and a subconscious apocalyptic yearning toward which masses of people tend to subject themselves. While Patterson worries that what he perceives to be the delusions of global warming proponents run amok could prove to be a legitimate threat to the progress of Man, he argues that there is a growing trend of dissenters to the theory among the scientific community that will break the supposed fever of global warming hysteria. The author begins the piece by drawing a parallel between the actions of global warming supporters and the erratic behaviors of witch hunters and alchemists prior to the 20th century. He claims that Charles McKay, 19th century journalist and author of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds, would draw the same conclusions today concerning global warming proponents that he did when observing popular susceptibility towards belief in with hunts and alchemy. In doing so, he attempts to illustrate his point that the proponents of global warming are simply falling prey to the madness fueled by those around them, rather than basing their actions and beliefs on facts or evidence. To support this assertion, Patterson employs a bevy of Devil terms to describe the commonality between the ignorance observed by McKay toward witch hunters and the ignorance observed by Patterson toward global warming activists. Terms like superstition, guilt, hatred, and apocalyptic yearning all seek to paint global warming believers as a reactionary group acting on impulse over evidence. A rebuttal might point out that Patterson has yet to provide evidence against global warming or discredit the available evidence that supports the theory, and Mackey point about humans self-inflicting worries upon themselves eight not hold any water if the worry in question was indeed valid and supported by evidence. Patterson continues this assertion into the next paragraph, adding more emotional emphasis by claiming that In fact, global warming is the most widespread mass hysteria in our species history'. By framing the argument so dramatically, Patterson draws a visible distinction to whom his intended audience may be: those who already agree with his position and are looking for solidarity in their own opinions, as well as those on the fence or who have a neutral opinion on the validity of global warming. By emphasizing the extent of the error of global warming believers to such a degree, Patterson may be attempting to pique the interest of those who have paid little attention to the global warming debate before. Additionally, global warming proponents are grouped into the term Waveforms in this paragraph, and later referred to as climate cultists. These terms carry a belittling connotation that implies that global warming proponents are members of an extremist fringe group, rather than the majority. A rebuttal of this point might simply note that the majority f climatologists still subscribe to global warming as a viable theory, and Patterson is still yet to present any evidence to support his assertions. The authors argument continues on to present this perceived hysteria of global warming as not only a potentially viable threat to humankind and the institutions that have enabled it to thrive, but one that is evidently on the decline. Patterson expresses a fear that Man will be convinced by these climate cultists to turn his back on the very political, economic, and scientific institutions that made him so powerful, so wealthy, so healthy. By framing is argument in a way that transitions from highlighting the scientific ignorance of global warming to the policies that such a worldview could impact, Patterson attempts to establish a chain of logic that justifies his concern for global warming as an influence on government. The language used in the sentence (climate cultists tying to convince Man, turning their back on beneficial institutions) also implies to the reader that the proponents of global warming are actively attempting to undermine the institutions that have allowed humankind to thrive in the modern world. This opinion is underlined later in the article, when Patterson contemplates why many hope for climate change catastrophe. At this point, Patterson approaches the core of his argument, wherein he provides what he believes to be sufficient evidence that the idea global warming will soon cease to be a threat to the progress. He argues that the fever is breaking, as more and more scientists come forward to admit their doubts about the global warming paradigm. The use of a fever as a metaphor suggests that the hysteria that surrounds global warming acts as an ailment on society, and as more and more scientists challenge the theory, TTS credibility and ultimately its power is diminished. To support this statement, he cites quotes from scientists expressing reluctance and doubt toward the theory of global warming. Patterson makes sure to mention the alleged prominence of the dissenting scientists and to identify IVR Giver as a Nobel prize winner, in an attempt to bolster the credibility Of his sources through the use of God terms. A rebuttal of this point might argue that this is not evidence against global warming, but rather an argument from authority. By citing two examples of scientists dissenting from popular scientific nonsense on global warming and asserting them as proof of the untruth of the theory, Patterson ultimately says nothing persuasive in opposition to global warming. Were he able to provide evidence of an increasing trend of scientists rejecting the theory, his argument might gain credibility, but by citing only two singular examples, he gives the reader no reason to believe that this information is indicative of the norm rather than the exception. Perhaps anticipating the counterargument that the majority of scientists still accept global warming as a viable theory, Patterson posits another quote room the group of dissenting scientists, who claim that Alarmist over climate is of great benefit to many, providing government funding for academic research and a reason for government bureaucracies to grow. While Patterson doesnt expound on this claim, its presence in his article strongly implies that he identifies with the point made by these scientists. He then goes on to dismiss federal mandates related to carbon emissions as schemes meant to undermine the individual liberty of the voters. A rebuttal might argue that these points contradict the primary argument Patterson add at the opening of the article; by heavily implying that global warming proponents cling to the hope of climate change catastrophe mainly as an effort to profit from government funding and to further bureaucratic control, he nullifies his argument based on the quote from Charles McKay that global warming fear is borne from superstition, Western guilt, and apocalyptic yearning. Overall, Matt Patterson article proved to be an unconvincing piece of rhetoric against global warming. He provided astonishingly little evidence to support his argument that global warming was a ridiculous superstition, and elided on two singular examples to demonstrate that scientists were flocking away from the theory.

History of the US Congressional Gag Rule

History of the US Congressional Gag Rule The gag rule was a legislative tactic employed by southern members of Congress beginning in the 1830s to prevent any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives. The silencing of slavery opponents was accomplished by a resolution first passed in 1836 and renewed repeatedly for eight years. The suppression of free speech in the House was naturally deemed offensive to northern members of Congress and their constituents. What came to be widely known as the gag rule faced opposition for years, most notably from former president John Quincy Adams. Adams, who had been elected to Congress following one frustrating and unpleasant presidential term in the 1820s, became the champion of anti-slavery sentiment on Capitol Hill. And his stubborn opposition to the gag rule became a rallying point for the growing abolitionist movement in America. The gag rule was finally rescinded in December 1844. The tactic had been successful in its immediate goal, the silencing of any debate about slavery in Congress. But in the long term, the gag rule was counterproductive... The tactic came to be viewed as patently unfair and undemocratic Attacks upon Adams, which ranged from attempts to censure him in Congress to a constant stream of death threats, eventually made his opposition to slavery a more popular cause. The heavy-handed suppression of debate over slavery heightened  the deepening divide in the country in the decades before the Civil War. And the battles against the gag rule worked to bring abolitionist sentiment, which had been considered a fringe belief, closer to the mainstream of American public opinion. Background to the Gag Rule Compromises over slavery had made the ratification of the United States Constitution possible. And in the early years of the country, the issue of slavery was generally absent in Congressional debates. One time it arose was in 1820 when the Missouri Compromise set a precedent about the addition of new states. Slavery was being made illegal in the northern states in the early 1800s. In the South, thanks to the growth of the cotton industry, the institution of slavery were only getting stronger. And there seemed to be no hope of abolishing it through legislative means.   The U.S. Congress, including nearly all members from the North, accepted that slavery was legal under the Constitution, and it was an issue for the individual states. However, in one particular instance, Congress did have a role to play in slavery, and that was in the District of Columbia. The district was ruled by Congress, and slavery was legal in the district. That would become an occasional point of debate, as congressmen from the North would periodically urge that slavery in the District of Columbia be outlawed. Until the 1830s, slavery, as abhorrent as it may have been to many Americans, was simply not discussed much in the government. A provocation by abolitionists in the 1830s, the pamphlet campaign, in which anti-slavery pamphlets were mailed to the South, changed that for a time. The issue of what could be sent through the federal mails suddenly made anti-slavery literature a highly controversial federal issue. But the pamphlet campaign fizzled out, as mailing pamphlets which would be seized and burned in southern streets were seen as simply impractical. And anti-slavery campaigners began to rely more on a new tactic, petitions sent to Congress. The right of petition was enshrined in the First Amendment. Though often overlooked in the modern world, the right to petition the government was held in very high regard in the early 1800s. When citizens began sending anti-slavery petitions to Congress, the House of Representatives would be confronted with the increasingly contentious debate about slavery. And, on Capitol Hill, it meant pro-slavery legislators began to seek a way to avoid dealing with the anti-slavery petitions entirely. John Quincy Adams in Congress The issue of petitions against slavery, and the efforts by southern legislators to suppress them did not begin with John Quincy Adams. But it was the former president who brought great attention to the issue and who persistently kept the matter controversial. Adams occupied a unique place in early America. His father, John Adams, had been a founder of the nation, the first vice president, and the country’s second president. His mother, Abigail Adams, was, like her husband, a dedicated opponent of slavery. In November 1800 John and Abigail Adams became the original inhabitants of the White House, which was still unfinished. They had previously lived in places where slavery was legal, though waning in actual practice. But they found it particularly offensive to look from the windows of the president’s mansion and see groups of slaves working to build the new federal city. Their son, John Quincy Adams, inherited their abhorrence of slavery. But during his public career, as a senator, diplomat, secretary of state, and president, there hadn’t been much he could do about it. The position of the federal government was that slavery was legal under the Constitution. And even an anti-slavery president, in the early 1800s, was essentially forced to accept it. Adams lost his bid for a second presidential term when he lost the very bitter election of 1828 to Andrew Jackson. And he returned to Massachusetts in 1829, finding himself, for the first time in decades, with no public duty to perform. Some local citizens where he lived encouraged him to run for Congress. In the style of the time, he professed to have little interest in the job but said if the voters chose him, he would serve. Adams was overwhelmingly elected to represent his district in the U.S. House of Representatives. For the first and only time, an American president would serve in Congress after leaving the White House. After moving back to Washington, in 1831, Adams spent time becoming familiar with the rules of Congress. And when the Congress went into session, Adams began what would turn into a lengthy battle against southern pro-slavery politicians. A newspaper, the New York Mercury, published, in the issue of December 21, 1831, a dispatch about events in Congress on December 12, 1831: Numerous petitions and memorials were presented in the House of Representatives. Among them were 15 from the citizens of the Society of Friends in Pennsylvania, praying for the consideration of the question of slavery, with a view to its abolition, and for the abolition of the traffic of slaves within the District of Columbia. The petitions were presented by John Quincy Adams, and referred to the Committee on the District. By introducing the anti-slavery petitions from Pennsylvania Quakers, Adams had acted audaciously. However, the petitions, once they were sent to the House committee which administered the District of Columbia, were tabled and forgotten. For the next few years, Adams periodically presented similar petitions. And the anti-slavery petitions were always sent into procedural oblivion. In late 1835 southern members of Congress began to get more aggressive about the issue of anti-slavery petitions. Debates about how to suppress them occurred in Congress and Adams became energized to fight the efforts to stifle free speech. On January 4, 1836, a day on which members could present petitions to the House, John Quincy Adams introduced an innocuous petition related to foreign affairs. He then introduced another petition, sent to him by citizens of Massachusetts, calling for the abolition of slavery. That created a stir in the House chamber. The speaker of the house, future president and Tennessee congressman James K. Polk, invoked complicated parliamentary rules to prevent Adams from presenting the petition. Throughout January 1836 Adams continued to try to introduce anti-slavery petitions, which were met with an endless invocation of various rules to ensure they wouldn’t be considered. The House of Representatives bogged down completely. And a committee was formed to come up with procedures to handle the petition situation. Introduction of the Gag Rule The committee met for several months to come up with a way to suppress the petitions. In May 1836 the committee produced the following resolution, which served to completely silence any discussion of slavery: â€Å"All petitions, memorials, resolutions, propositions, or papers, relating in any way, or to any extent whatsoever, to the subject of slavery or the abolition of slavery, shall, without being either printed or referred, be laid on the table and that no further action whatever shall be had thereon.† On May 25, 1836, during a heated Congressional debate on the proposal to silence any talk of slavery, Congressman John Quincy Adams tried to take the floor. Speaker James K. Polk refused to recognize him and called on other members instead. Adams eventually got a chance to speak but was quickly challenged and told the points he wished to make were not debatable. As Adams tried to speak, he was interrupted by Speaker Polk. A newspaper in Amherst, Massachusetts, The Farmer’s Cabinet, on June 3, 1836 issue, reported on the anger shown by Adams in the May 25, 1836 debate: â€Å"At another stage of the debate, he appealed again from a decision of the Speaker, and cried out, ‘I am aware there is a slave-holding Speaker in the Chair.’ The confusion which ensued was immense.â€Å"Affairs having gone against Mr. Adams, he exclaimed Mr. Speaker, am I gagged or not? â€Å" That question posed by Adams would become famous. And when the resolution to suppress talk of slavery passed the House, Adams received his answer. He was indeed gagged. And no talk of slavery would be allowed on the floor of the House of Representatives. Continuous Battles Under the rules of the House of Representatives, the gag rule had to be renewed at the outset of each new session of Congress. So over the course of four Congresses, a span of eight years, the southern members of Congress, along with willing northerners, were able to pass the rule anew. Opponents of the gag rule, most notably John Quincy Adams, continued to battle against it whenever they could. Adams, who had acquired the nickname â€Å"Old Man Eloquent,† frequently sparred with southern congressmen as he would try to bring the subject of slavery into House debates. As Adams became the face of opposition to the gag rule, and to slavery itself, he began to receive death threats. And at times resolutions were introduced in Congress to censure him. In early 1842, a debate over whether to censure Adams essentially amounted to a trial. Accusations against Adams and his fiery defenses appeared in newspapers for weeks. The controversy served to make Adams, at least in the North, a heroic figure battling for the principle of free speech and open debate. Adams was never formally censured, as his reputation probably prevented his opponents from ever gathering the necessary votes. And in his old age, he continued to engage in blistering rhetoric. At times he baited southern congressmen, taunting them over their ownership of slaves. The End of the Gag Rule The gag rule persisted  for eight years. But over time the measure was seen by more and more Americans as essentially anti-democratic. Northern members of Congress who had gone along with it in the late 1830s, in the interest of compromise, or simply as a surrender to the power of the slave states, began to turn against it. In the nation at large, the abolitionist movement had been seen, in the early decades of the 19th century, as a small band on the outer fringe of society. Abolitionist editor  William Lloyd Garrison had even been attacked on the streets of Boston. And the Tappan Brothers, New York merchants who often financed abolitionist activities, were routinely threatened. Yet, if the abolitionists were widely viewed as a fanatical fringe, tactics like the gag rule made the pro-slavery factions appear just as extreme. The suppression of free speech in the halls of Congress became untenable to northern members of Congress. On December 3, 1844, John Quincy Adams put forth a motion to rescind the gag rule. The motion passed,  by a vote in the House of Representatives of 108 to 80. And the rule which had prevented debate over slavery was no longer in force. Slavery, of course, was not ended in America until the Civil War. So being able to debate the issue in Congress did not bring an end to slavery. Yet, by opening up a debate, changes in thinking were made possible. And the national attitude toward slavery was no doubt affected. John Quincy Adams served in Congress for four years after the gag rule was rescinded. His opposition to slavery inspired younger politicians who could carry on his fight. Adams collapsed at his desk in the House chamber on February 21, 1848. He was carried to the speakers office and died there the following day. A young Whig congressman who had been present when Adams collapsed, Abraham Lincoln, was a member of the delegation which traveled to Massachusetts for the funeral of Adams.