Experimental Drug Therapies for the Treatment of Wet-Type Age-Related Macular Degeneration :: Medicine Medical Disease Papers

Experimental Drug Therapies for the Treatment of Wet-Type Age-Related Macular Degeneration In a society where technology has lengthened the average lifespan, age-related disorders present new treatment challenges. In the United States, senior citizens over the age of 65 account for 21% of the population (US, 2001). This group of people will experience changes in their perceptual systems as they age, making it harder for them to function. Some of these changes will occur systematically and naturally, while others will result from disease. In the case of vision, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual impairment in the elderly population (Levin, 1997). Experts estimate that ten million senior citizens over the age of 75 suffer with AMD, approximately one third of Americans 75 and older (Levy, 1999). AMD attacks the retina of aging eyes and is found in two forms. The most common form diagnosed is dry-type AMD. In this disease, accounting for 85% of all AMD diagnoses (Thompson & Daniels, 1998), the layers of the retina deteriorate and thin in the fovea resulting in severe vision loss in the central line of vision. Often, fat deposits, called drucen, develop and further impair vision. Wet-type AMD makes up the remaining 15% of AMD diagnoses and progresses more rapidly and painfully than dry-type AMD. This form of AMD is responsible for severe visual impairment in 90% of all AMD cases diagnosed (Gisele & Bressler, 2001; Thompson & Daniels, 1998). Although dry-type AMD does not usually predict wet-type AMD, between 10-20% of patients with dry-type AMD eventually develop wet-type AMD (Gisele & Bressler, 2001). Wet-type AMD is characterized by choroidal neovascularization (CNV), or the growth of new blood vessels in the layers of the retina (Gisele & Bressler, 2001). Not only do these new capillaries impede vision by blocking incoming light, they also leak blood into the surrounding tissues causing further damage. Currently, the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) has only approved two treatment techniques for wet-type AMD (Yam & Netting, 1999; Visudyne, 2000). Researchers first developed photocoagulation, a procedure utilizing lasers to cauterize new capillaries and seal leaks. Unfortunately, this treatment is only useful in approximately 10% of patients who seek it and, while photocoagulation does decrease vision loss, the results are only short-term and the risk of damage to nearby photoreceptors is high (Gisele & Bressler, 2001; Yam & Netting, 2001; Thompson & Daniels, 1998). The most recently approved treatment option is verteporfin photodynamic therapy, a two-step treatment approved by the FDA in 2000 (Visudyne, 2000).

Pit-Bull Case

Legislation over the long-standing debate regarding the safety of housing Pit Bulls continues between pro Pit-Bull advocates and those fearing for their safety throughout Canada. Today, the issue of housing large, potentially dangerous dogs in the city has reached pivotal concern. A course of action is necessary. The level of concern surrounding Pit Bulls is greater than the concern over other dangerous domesticated dogs. There are, however, people who enjoy having Pit Bulls as pets. Pit Bull owners constitute a smaller percentage of people in comparison to those with concern over a Pit Bull’s safety. It comes down to pure fear over these life-threatening dogs. Yes, the anti-Pit Bull contingency has a voice, and with justifiable concern. Evaluation is in order regarding the pros and cons surrounding this issue. This position paper will clearly show that all breeds of Pit Bulls should not be housed in cities throughout Canada. There are many breeds of Pit Bulls—all of which can be threatening. The various breeds of other dangerous domesticated dogs are even larger. Lawyer Clayton Ruby argues the legislation. He sites the following: since 1983 there were 23 dog attacks in Canada that led to fatality. Of these 23 attacks, only one involved a Pit Bull. Thus, according to Mr. Ruby, legislation needs to be written governing all dangerous dogs, and not just Pit Bulls. The slant here, however, will be focused on developing legislation that will make it illegal to own a Pit Bull if you reside in a major city in Canada’s surrounding Provinces. First, we must consider the levels of all dog aggression in comparison to Pit Bulls’ aggression. The least dangerous level is called the submissive level. It includes dogs that display very little signs of aggression. Dogs of this nature tend to roll over when challenged and they will not respond with aggression. No Pit-Bull, regardless of breed, meets these criteria. The next level of dog aggression is known as the generic level. This level of dog aggression only demonstrates hostility if another angered dog approaches it. At this level, if attacked, a generic dog will respond with just enough tenacity to repel the instigating dog from its assault. Again, there isn’t a single Pit Bull that is calm enough to match this non-threatening level. The next level of aggression meets the characteristics of a Pit Bull Terrier. This Pit Bull, labeled a happy-normal-Pit-Bull-Terrier, is a dog that only displays aggression when challenged. This dog will respond aggressively. The only way to separate an aggressive Pit Bull Terrier is by using a ‘break-stick’ level of restraint. These restraining traits must be learned from trained specialists. Here in lies our first red flag. If even the most receptive breed of Pit Bull has a tendency for hostility, it is not feasible to consider Pit Bulls as an environmentally-safe pet, especially in the confines of a city. Pit Bulls at their most obedient level will always attempt to make friends with new dogs. This unreserved level of sociability in a Pit Bull can be the catalyst that leads to aggressiveness and fighting, or even death. When we add a Pit Bull that lives in a crowded city, the situation becomes grave and the opportunity for an unfortunate incident increases. It’s important to point out that even the friendliest Pit Bull will not tolerate aggressive behavior. If, for example, a Pit Bull is led through a small city park where people take dogs and children to play, there is a greater chance for altercation. Even if leash-restrained Pit Bulls are led through a city, the opportunity for an unfortunate encounter, on any given sidewalk might occur. Dogs, by nature, tend to gravitate toward one another. This curious sniffing can lead to danger if a Pit Bull is involved. The next level of Pit Bill is known as the average Pit Bull. These dogs will exhibit aggression toward strange dogs of the same sex while acting cautious around dogs of the opposite sex. If an average Pit Bull is challenged, they will counter with aggression. Physical intervention is necessary to separate a fight. Lastly, we come to the dog-aggressive-Pit-Bull. Pits at this level can live with other dogs but will attack any strange dogs (strange refers to any dog unfamiliar to a Pit Bull). Again, the only means of alleviating aggressive encounters between dogs at this level of aggression is by physical intervention. The fights can be very serious. There are a large number of variables that can occur to a Pit Bull in a city that would lead to aggression. Sometimes it only takes curiosity from neighboring dogs or young children to initiate a Pit Bull’s innate sense for violent tendencies. Legislation that does not allow city-dwellers to own a Pit Bull needs to pass. So many people live together in tight quarters in Canadian cities. This makes it an unsafe region for Pit Bulls. This legislation must come to action before another person or animal is maimed or killed by these instinctively dangerous dogs.

Birth Order Essays

Birth Order Essays Birth Order Essay Birth Order Essay Jennifer Dean Birth Order The birth order as a useful construct would be an essential tool to determine whether or not an individual(s) is possibly predisposed to having any inherent form of maladaptive perfectionism or non-perfectionism behaviors or traits. This type of information would provide some understanding of a clients behaviors prior to seeking professional counseling or group therapy. There have been written over seventeen hundred birth order theories since the first was published by Alfred Adler in 1927. They all differentiate and do not fit every situation. This true with any theory. Alfred Adler in 1927 was the first theorist to emphasize the role of birth order. It suggested that the creation of ones personality is based on the parental influence(s) associated with personality development. (Burger, 2008) Idlers theory of birth order was partly based on his own childhood experiences and his therapeutic sessions with his clients. Alfred Adler believed that everyone has some sort of birth order experience, unless they are an only child. Much of his work was based on his own feelings of inferiority he felt once his sibling was born and his lifelong personal struggle to achieve superiority. Originally, he based his theory was on the idea that from early childhood (possibly even infancy); spend their life trying to overcome any type of emotional, mental, or physical weaknesses. These may be self-perceived or ones that the client felt others perceived about them. These were the deficiencies that they needed to change, in order to regain or reach/strive for superiority. Adler also introduced the Inferiority Concept, which occurs when an individual cannot compensate or cope with what they see as his or her deficiencies. Adler suggests that the firstborn children are naturally showered with an abundance of excessive attention. This comes from all the excitement of the newness, change, happiness and the miracle that is life. With such an event, emotions run high and in most cultures, great priority is placed of the arrival and birth of the first born. Theorist Kevin Leman theorized in his 1985 book Birth Order Book, that the first born child would grow up to be responsible, competitive, and conventional. (Leman, 1985) Upon the arrival of the second child, the first born may feel ignored, non-important, insignificant, replaced and pushed out of the limelight. They tend to develop an inferiority complex due to the possibility of feeling dethroned (Burger, 2008. The middle children tend to develop into very strong, independent, intellectual survivors. Lem mas theory suggests that the second/thereafter child/children will grown up into playful, cooperative, and rebellious individuals. When then third and sequential children arrive, the excitement of a new baby comes and the older children and expected to care more for themselves. The last children tend to get away with more because the parents tend to be more lenient (after having been worn down from the previous children). They may also be coddled or babied- Some older siblings may accuse them of getting away with murder. This possibly stemming from the parents fears and insecurities of empty nest syndrome. From personal experience, I came from a family years my senior. She has and always will be the favorite. I am the middle-the mistake. My brother is six years my Junior and was a desperate attempt to save a failing marriage. He was very sick. If you were to utilize Idlers theories and Lemmas, they would both have merit. My sister definitely is extremely competitive. She has to always be number one and be the center of attention. Yet, the truth is her self- esteem is very low. She is always striving for superiority. I ran away a lot as a child. Vive been on my own since I was 14. I am completely autonomous since. I am a survivor. A bit of a rebel, yet, very loyal to a fault. My brother is a rebel and has a need, a drive, to make people proud. All though I was a middle child, I was removed from my family at an early age. I was in boarding school, etc. I have never seen myself as a middle child. And therein lays the exception- I am more like an orphan or an only child. In conclusion, with all theories come great ideas. Many are based on facts from clinical trials with actual clients and patients. In the psychological field, many re actually from the psychologists/theorists own personal experiences and life. Many of them actually work out their own issues through therapy with helping their clients. While there is a lot of merit to birth order from the psychological perspective, one must never forget that children never ask to be born. It is not their burden to bear-they all deserve a fair and equal chance at life and love. References Burger, Jerry M. Personality, 8 deed. (2008) Retrieved on September 5, 2013 from http:// Lemma, Kevin. Birth Order Book, (1985). Retrieved on September 7, 2013 from Family:]rank. Org/pages/164/birth-order

Research Paper Topic Ideas

Research Paper Topic Ideas Research Paper Topic Ideas Research Paper Topic Ideas While writing research paper, you should remember that it must be based an original controversial topic. Research paper writing requires exploration of  some problem (for example, terrorism, abortion, genetically modified food). The topic shouldn't be too general. If you are interested in investigating the topic you care about, you should read as much literature as you can find. It help you not only to narrow your research paper topic but also to know more about the chosen topic. For example, the topic 'Abortion' is too general, but you may investigate one side of this problem while writing academic research paper. The narrow one will be 'Induced abortion as an independent risk factor for breast cancer' . While writing research paper on this very topic, you should give general information in the introduction about the problem of the abortion in the modern world. A thesis statement should also be presented at the end of the research paper writing introduction. You should write po ssible pros and cons in the body of your research paper. It'll be a good idea to present data which support your arguments; otherwise you will end with opinion paper, not research paper. The body paragraphs should explain your chosen position on the topic supported with the evidence. Finally, research paper conclusion is a last step where you should include concluding remarks. Research Paper Help If you have some uncertainty how to write a research paper, this part of the article will give you helpful information for research paper writing (referencing secondary sources): Use secondary sources while writing research paper. It means that your research may come across the other writer who quotes or discusses another book or author. In this case, you must cite on the reference page the source where you have found this reference to another book. However, the original sources may not be included in your reference page of the research paper. However, you obviously must include source where you have found the reference. Besides, you must tell the reader the name of the author whose work was paraphrased or quoted. For example: Anderson (as cited in Jackson, 1998, p. 71) the professor of linguistic reports that...   If necessary, you need to add appendix page. If you have appendix, mark it as Appendix in the center at the top of the research paper page. If you have two, three, four etc. use capital letters beginning with the first one (Appendix A, Appendix B etc.). The appendix shouldn't be placed on the reference page. Custom Written Research Paper If the above information is not enough for you to write a research paper, you can always rely on our assistance.   is available 24/7 to assist you with research paper writing on any topic.   We provide free plagiarism report and guarantee authenticity of every delivered custom written research paper.

Internship report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Internship report - Essay Example Moreover, I leant that creation business relationship is an initial step for success and that the relationships need frequent evaluations. This was part of my job at Al-Ain Company. In addition to the responsibilities stated above. I was tasked to arrange meetings between the company and customers. This was aimed at creating good rapport and understanding between the company and potential partners. The company, Al-Ain is an Engineering and Contracting firm started in 1993 in Iraq. It started as Wady Al Ain Bureau after having some successful contracts in engineering and construction. Wady AL-Ain was certified as an engineering and contracting firm by the Planning Ministry of Iraq. Since inception, the company has been in action operations in Iraq and is responsible for many facilities and constructions in the country. Wady Al Ain has a clean reputation as a reliable contactor who can offer the terms of the contract beyond expectations. The company specializes in construction works, software engineering, network solution, telecommunication equipment and other technology solutions. The ability of the firm to deliver high quality solution has enabled it to earn partnerships with other firms in the industry and also from other related industries. Such firms include MÃ ¼hlbauer group and UTSCH AG (Wady Al-Ain n.d). In world where technology controls virtually everything, every company or organization needs up to date solutions. As an experienced company, Al-Ain seeks to enhance access to technology by businesses and government agencies. Its numerous services such as telecommunication enhances effective and quick communication through installation of satellite dishes, SIM cards, micro SIM cards and also bank cards to secure transactions. This has made the company an indispensable part of engineering and technology sector in Iraq. Other developments of the company include high security documents such as identity document and also data

Diversity Boing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Diversity Boing - Essay Example Moreover, systemic changes to the way in which the Boeing culture existed and the way in which it currently exists were also required. As a means of tracking these changes and making key observations concerning them, the following analysis will engage the reader with a level of understanding concerning the way in which diversity was motivated and the ways in which it was implemented within Boeing. Further, a brief summary and reflective statement will be provided at the end of this assignment as a means of classifying and categorizing the utility that working as a part of the group dynamic was able to have with regards to better understanding the case study and the many factors associated with it. As Boeing’s upper management and senior stakeholders began to realize that their firm’s hope of long-term success hinged upon the ability to integrate with the outside world, a brief internal audit revealed the fact that diversity within the firm’s design and production elements was ultimately extraordinarily low (Mecham, 2002). As such, in order to appeal to a more broad demographic and come more in line with the globalized nature of an increasingly diverse society and world, Boeing saw the immediate need to seek to diversify its staff. Whereas many firms realize this particular need and slowly make moves to see this happen over time, Boeing initiated an aggressive diversity strategy that hinged upon seeking out the most qualified applicants while keeping in mind the unique levels of diversity that the firm required. This two-pronged approach was effective in the fact that it did not place either ability or diversity as the prime goal for the firm. In such a way, the expertise and focus of the firm was able to be maintained while a subtle yet decisive change to company culture was initiated. Moreover, even a cursory level of analysis with regards to the way in which diversity takes place indicates the fact that sudden rapid changes with regards t o diversity and/or diversity implementation within a culture can oftentimes be negatively received by the stakeholders. Realizing this, Boeing set out to engage a slower and more gradual approach that would seek to replace outgoing talent with a more diverse workforce; while at the same time reinforcing the mores and norms of diversity appreciation within the culture of the firm. This nuanced approach proved to be highly effective as the company was not only able to continue to operate in a profitable manner domestically; it was also able to continue the march towards global success by providing its international clients with the products and services they required. This is a testament to the success of Boeing’s diversity is the fact that the firm championed this goal alongside the vision and mission statements that had already proven to be so effective in helping to garner profitability to the Boeing firm (Holmes, 2003). Without inherently changing the scope of activities an d/or the expertise that it had already accrued over the years of successful business implementation, Boeing was able to chart a somewhat distinct approach to the future. Looking all the way into the present era, it can be noted that Boeing exhibits a very high degree of diversity within an aerospace company that

Airbus Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Airbus - Term Paper Example Airbus is a company in the aerospace industry, dealing with the manufacture of aircraft in the division of Airbus Group. Headquartered in Blagnac France, Airbus has established its manufacturing and production facilities in many other countries around the globe, with the most identifiable including German, Spain, and the United Kingdom (Norris and Wagner, 1999). According to the latest statistics, the company was able to produce 626 airlines in 2013. Three individuals namely; Bernard Lathià ¨re, Roger Bà ©teille, and Henri Ziegler founded the company in 1970. Over the years, the company’s success has been realized mainly due to the contributions of two key individuals; Fabrice Bregier, the chief executive officer and Gunter Butscheck, the chief operating officer. As at 2008, the company’s revenue was at Euros 33.10 billion. Despite diversifying their operations into many different countries, Airbus deals solely in the manufacture of commercial airlines as its only product. As at the moment, the company has 63,000 employees in its sixteen different working sites in the different countries in which the company had built its production and manufacture facilities. Currently, Airbus is considered as the world’s manufacture of the largest passenger airliner the A380 (Norris and Wagner, 1999). It is the desire of many businesses to expand to different regions that show potential success opportunities. In such a perspective, Airbus has been able to establish expansive opportunities in many different countries in the world. One of the countries is China. China is currently one of the developed countries in the world, and therefore, experiencing significant changes in terms of the business ventures (Som, 2009). The substantive rise economically by China has mainly been attributed to changes the country has made in its political and economic systems. With the current manner in which China develops